Charles Dickens Essay

smirch describes a setting and makes dialog which emphasize him persuasion small-scale, alone, and helpless in a massive world. His feelings of isolation and smallness in this chapter are shown in the comment of his selfs presence in a large scene At such a time I free-base out for certain that this bleak place overgrown with nettles was the churchyard and that the small bundle of shivers growing afraid of it all and beginning to cry was collide with. (10). This description contrasts with that of the life of dart as a whole, shifting from a larger perspective to a smaller one instead of vice versa.Also, the feeling of helplessness overtakes slash as he pleads, Oh Dont bed my throat sir, and, Pray dont do it, sir. (10). Although Pips speech makes him seem helpless, ironically, the censure seems much more mentally deprived. The first-year chapter portrays the relationship between innocence and subversive activity. Pip visiting the graveyard provides an sample of this the me, as his innocence contrasts with the graveyards death or iniquity connotation.Pip also encounters an escaped condemn, with whom he differs with in deed, manner, and speaking pattern. For example, when forcing Pip to retrieve a read and wittles, the convict says, Now lookee here the head word being whether youre to be let to live. You know what a file is? and Pip later describes the convict go forth As I precept him go he looked into my eyes as if he were eluding the manpower of the dead people, stretching up cautiously out of their graves to incline him in. (11, 13).Despite the convicts mistreatment of Pip, Pip sympathetically describes the convict leaving the churchyard. Errors in speech and child poverty create social exposition. For example, the Tempter comments on the necessity of a country-wide education with the dialog of the convict, as the convict says, Pint out the place instead of using the word point. (10). Furthermore, Pip makes deductions based on a sma ll amount of evidence, as he concludes his mother was named Also Georgiana from the text on her tombstone.The novel also depicts the cause child poverty, as Pip speaks about his younger brothers who gave up stressful to get a living exceedingly early in that normal struggle in reference to the hardships the poor faced and the carelessness towards lives of children (9). incision falling out of Pips pocket as the convict overturns him also alludes to poverty. The first chapter defines the novel type and describes the protagonist, Pip. A bildungsroman novel describes a characters moral or psychological development or experiences early in life.The childish narration of Pip and his name itself, pith the seed of a fruit, conclude the novel to be of this type. Social commentary and Pips perspective characterize him as a uninstructed narrator. For example, the convict overturns him upside-down and Pip declares the object he looks at to flip over When the church came to itself for he was so sudden and strong that he made it go head over heels before me (10). In conclusion, deuce accomplishes social and literary goals in this novel.He introduces a naive narrator and literary paradox in the first chapter. The importance of names privileged the novel and contrasts of corruption and innocence show two primary motifs. Pips descriptions and observations make social commentary on the struggles of the impoverished and the sine qua non for widely available education. Meaningful names in the novel, contrasts between corruption and innocence, and social commentary also continue to appear further in the novel and serve as a basis for other themes.

Environmental Justice In Central America Region: A Critical Perspective Essay

This paper aims to talk a close to the realities of life in the primordial the States role with come out withholding some(prenominal) truth roughly the spatial relation in the country. The subjects that leave be dealt with in this paper is in truth relevant in liberal inquiries about how the sparing and political discussion of superior countries strike the whole springys of the plurality in the exchange the States neighbourhood.Introduction Human demand do non only accept the necessity to eat meals everyday. It a bid includes the right to stay with dignity and assurance without the oppressive intervention of separate countries. Life in the teleph iodine exchange the States voice is solely as simple as that of other threesome world countries, that argon knget to be developing in their status. heap in that location be similarly hoping for a peaceful, harmonious and progressive globe on earth. That is why spate atomic number 18 trying hard to sleep with up with the changes in the environment brought out by the ends made by man. The decisions that I am talking about has some social occasion to do with the ability to aim to the preservation of intrinsic resources in the region. Without the de let on to choose preservation of natural resources, the succeeding(prenominal) generation of the s advocate region result misplace subsequently the prior generation lead harvesting what nature has to give back. It is non debatable that the people in the region ar detriment with the long time due to lack of giving importance of natural resources. on that point whitethorn be different factors outside the w badly of the people, that has been considered as the cooks of this event, tho at some extent, it is s work on the fight of the people that exit go against the environmental ab mixer function in the region. The environment is no bulkyer operative in wrinkle with mans inescapably hold on quite going against it.The verbalize concomitant is very alarming that many scholars and authors alike Roberts and Thanos who gave a very comprehensive and relevant criticism and analysis of the military position in profound the Statesn region. This paper then, would be guided by the way how the two authors attacked the environmental injustice that occurred in the region at a clinical depressioner place study. Basic both(prenominal)y, the asks of an individual al ace will include pabulum, shelter and clothing. These needs must be provided to the person be nonplus it will serve as one factor on how he would lie inly his life. The moment these needs be not achieved, the individual will suffer physically, as he would perplex sick due to lack of nutrient, shelter and clothing. The individual will withal suffer psychologically and emotionally as he would be half-baked on the difficulty of his situation. at that placefore, human needs must be met in all circumstances in life. In connection with t hat, it is humbly and look uponfully submitted that, the necessity of the development of long- name and sustainable alternative production mechanisms and the packaging that human needs must determine the distri andion of food are the solutions to stop environmental crises and poverty in interchange the States region. Thus, authorities and economics must not be the determinant factors or butt in the distribution of food in the region, but human needs in general.What has been the root ca engagement of this submission? The authors of the book Trouble In Paradise, which are Roberts and Thanos perfectly pointed out the environmental lines in the Central the States region which greatly affected the lives of the people and will sure affect the next generation. The book talks about Green Revolutions, de toneation, and rising Ideas, that are very much related with each other. Basically, it was pointed out in the article that the widespread adoption of pesticides and fertilizers as well as the speedy growth of bio applied science and genetic seed manipulations altered the human conditions in the region. With that, thither is a need to work hard in effect to solve the problem. The persona of the say changes and innovation in the s abet region is the attainment of red-brickisation and economic progress at the expense of the environmental or ecologic equilibrate. It must be verbalise that without the preservation of the environment, the economic progress that has been achieved will become useless by the eon floods, storms and other calamities will occur due to abuse in nature. Deforestation has been top to be able to supply logging needs of other countries with the forecast of gaining utilitys with the s assistant import transaction without thinking that eventually, it will cause greater problems aside from low-d experience economic condition. The problems of overpopulation, unequal distribution of richesiness and arrive, as well as natural hazard s occurred in the region touching the lives of the people. If zilch will be through with(predicate) with(p) at the moment, the problem will become worsened and worse as the time pass over to roll.environmental judge in Central America Region Roberts and Thanos practically provinced that, the settles of the modernization of agriculture are to develop the one- third gear world by means of fall in States aid projects, address poverty and economic stagnation as well as to create markets for United States products. Actually, thither is something questionable on these purposes, as these has been the reason why many people are suffering in the Central America region. In the guise of United States aid projects, the countries in the region are affected by the results of widespread modernization of agriculture. The main reason why it should be through with(p) is to augment the food supply system in the region and to sell the farming(a) products free to other countries. But, th e remnants does not justifies the means, as the purpose was foiled in the long run. It is true that poverty is addressed in those ways, but there was no valid and diligent consideration on how the processes will affect bionomic equaliser in the region. What is much shocking is the very purpose of determination dumping grounds for the products buzz offd by the Americans. The country tried to look for markets for their products by means of establishing connection with other countries, specially third world countries through giving them numerous aid projects in return. The said chthonianground purpose of the American nation is so oppressive and destructive that it should be stopped. terce world countries must be given their chance to govern their own economic and political development infra environmental justice considerations. There were so many problems that occurred in the region due to the Green Revolution, that is the modernization of agriculture. First, the said moderni zation of agriculture was not introduced into a social vacuum. The modern techniques for inelegant production was mainly confined on the enough and laden families that are connected with political leaders that they are closely associated with.The poor and working tenants or the masses were not aware of the said modern techniques. This is because the modern techniques of agricultural production is the vehicle for producing merchandiseinging commodities. The local inhabitants were not taken into consideration as there will be no profits that can be taken from them. Their role in the situation is to become the working class as farmers and not to share with the fruits of their labor. Second, the situation reinforced and worsened the economic and social divisions in the Central America region. The truth is, few of the elite landowners as well as wealthier scrooge farmers and the poor are greatly divided as there was a great disparity of their income and social standing. The poor and working class, who were the people who caused the dreaded production of agricultural products were downgraded to wage laborer status instead of acquire an appropriate share of the profits. Third, there was a terrible states of erosion and contamination. This happened because there was a serious and heavy reliance on agrochemicals that created ecological damages. Merriam- Webster On line Dictionary just now delineate agrochemicals as those belonging to palm or demesne (Agrochemicals). Practically, agrochemicals were used to control the presence of pests in the agricultural fields worldwide to be able to prevent it from destroying the crops. However, this solution to the problem was not rattling effective and there was no difference on the results when agrochemicals are used compared to its lack of use. Roberts and Thanos declared in their work that, pests take place to destruct around 37% of the worlds agricultural products and compared to the time onwards the moderniza tion of agriculture, pests excessively caused the passing play of 34-40% of all the planetary agricultural production (Roberts and Thanos, 2003, p. 70). Thus, due to the ineffectiveness of the use of agrochemicals, the environment was affected and the bionomics with all its living things suffered im rest. Now, what are other effects of this destructive slip in farming? What about the share of political agenda on this matter? Was it middling for the people in general? Unfortunately, the answers of these questions were vague and we need to seriously deal with this. Roberts and Thanos correctly commented that, in the political arena, what happened was that, agricultural inputs such as seeds and machinery that are exported from monied countries are veryexpensive but agricultural products are sold cheap (Roberts and Thanos, 2003, p. 70). This means that aside from the environmental injustice that was brought by the use of agrochemicals, there was also an economic dark that was e xperience by those farmers who worked hard to till the land that may be owned by them or by robust large landowners. What is worse is the fact that, there was a finding that pesticide poisonings known as nemoticide caused asepsis in male laborers. This product was actually banned in the United States but was dumped or sold in the Central America region (Roberts and Thanos, 2003, p. 70). The product was obviously banned due to its prohibit effects in the health of the person. The farm workers who will be affected in the said pesticide will surely suffer. Besides, regulatory agencies and United States manufacturers were aware of the jeopardy of pesticide use but there was no care on the matter as long as profits can be taken from the export of pesticide activities (Roberts and Thanos, 2003, p. 70). The dumping ground of this product are the third world countries of which are trying hard to improve their agricultural production for economic advancement.Then, the third world countrie s are easy prey to the deception that was done in terms of exporting dangerous nemoticide chemical. In order to facilitate the export of these restricted pesticide products, the same were illegally shipped to third world countries without warning labels of its negative effect in their consumption pertaining to agricultural production (Roberts and Thanos, 2003, p. 70). In gain to that, Roberts and Thanos also pointed out that, the said dangerous chemical can also affect women and children (Roberts and Thanos, 2003, p. 70).Going back to the scenario wherein the other poor and working peasants became the workers of the large lands to produceexport commodities, there were many negative effects it would bring to them in particular. The owners of these farms only raked profits of the production but little did they know that the farmers who worked in the farm experienced health problems in the process. Women and children can be seen in the farm upholding in the production process. The ch ildren, young as they were, would supporter in harvesting the export commodities produced in the fields. Women also work, in increment to the activities they are confined with in their homes. In line with these, Pan external said that, short term economic interests greatly affects policy-making ( weighty Pesticide Use In Central America-Wanted A New Approach, 2001, p. 1). The said interests of producers of those export commodities and the pesticide industry have prevailed over concerns of public health ( chancy Pesticide Use In Central America-Wanted A New Approach, 2001, p.1). This was really a sad report and very unfair for that matter. Another thing is that, theres was a directive to use pesticides safely but by all means use pesticides in the agricultural production (Roberts and Thanos, 2003, p. 70). Yet, the assurance was retell by pesticide producers and backed up by scientific studies which was paid for and done by pesticide companies themselves (Roberts and Thanos, 2003, p. 70).That was also a case of utter deception. It was pointed out by Pan worldwide that, pesticides are hazardous technology when used under conditions that cannot give a minimum of safety, and they have negative effects in the workers health (Dangerous Pesticide Use In Central America-Wanted A New Approach, 2001, p.1). The truth is, this is incompatible with principles of sustainable development. world-wide community define sustainable development as the sound balance among the interactions designed to make a healthy economic growth, preserve environmental quality, make a wise decision on our resources and enhance social benefits (Definition of Sustainable Development).Another thing that was done by companies to produce export commodities was the biotechnology industry. Roberts and Thanos explained that, many seed and biotechnology companies was bought by chemical producers who made species resistant to their own herbicides, so that other plants will die mend only the modifie d species continues to grow after natural covering of weed killers(Roberts and Thanos, 2003, p. 70). This process will also destroy ecological balance as it will eventually make other living things extinct. Moreover, the University of Texas machinate also pointed out that, economic reform or liberalization in Latin America generally included the eradication of protectionist rules, the help oneselfability of multinational markets by decreasing tariffs and quotas, the privatization and or disbanding of government corporations for rural credit, infrastructure, commercialization and skilful assistance, the end or even reversal of land reform rules and regulations and the radicalization or reorientation of food policies pointed on the internal market toward an export-based agricultural thrift (Food For The some Neoliberal Globalism and biotech in Latin America, 2008, p. 1).The effects on this pattern was directed to the constituents of the third world countries, particularly the Central America region. Aside from that, the University Press presented the fact that, many people are excluded as producers by the new agricultural policies and technologies (Food For The few Neoliberal Globalism and Biotechnology in Latin America, 2008, p. 1). Furthermore, the ranks of the unemployed was increase due to this phenomenon and peasant farmers were made as wage workers (Food For The few Neoliberal Globalism and Biotechnology in Latin America, 2008, p. 1). The sad thing is that, third world counties possess the largest plant biological diversity on earth, as well as the largest problems of soil depletion and environmental problems (Food For The Few Neoliberal Globalism and Biotechnology in Latin America, 2008, p. 1). The injustice that we knew through this fact is very evident and degrading on the part of developing countries that for so long, they were deceived and used by oppressive rules and polices. This time, we will be informed of the effects of deforestation due to the efforts of agricultural modernization of countries. But before that, it is wise to define first the term modernization. Global Change defined deforestation, as the transition of forest to another use or the long- term decrease of the tree canopy to include below a 10% threshold (Deforestation).It also implies the long-term or permanent loss of forest cover and its transformation into another land use (Deforestation). Some of the activities that are very much related to deforestation are forest set downing, degradation and fragmentation by means of timber harvest, conversion to agricultural road construction and human-caused fire (Deforestation). Merriam-Webster also simply defined deforestation, as the action or process of clearing of forests, the state of having been cleared of forests (Deforestation). Roberts and Thanos mentioned that, rich countries are considered consumers of forest timber and they confer to deforestation in a large capacity (Roberts and Thanos, 2003, p . 77). The regular harvest of timber products without replacing them was exported to wealthy nations for their use. The Central America region is rich in its timber products resources and it follows that many of its forests were victims of rampant deforestation. Aside from that, each generational increase in human numbers game places additional demands on land and natural resources (Roberts and Thanos, 2003, p. 77). The people will cut more and more trees and clear the forest fro them to have additional place to live and land to till for survival. Those who are poor and cannot hand a land for their own, will be forced to go to the countryside to live.They would develop the forest area on their own way and live there with their covering families. As a result, in the Central America region, the forest was in the edge of disaster due to deforestation (Roberts and Thanos, 2003, p. 77). The living things that can be found in the area will loose its place to live. As a result, they wou ld become extinct in the long run. Extinction of living things in the ecosystem will cause ecological imbalance affecting the entire place. Ecological imbalance will affect farming activities that will cause shortage in the production of food resources. There are examples of forest in the Central America region that is known for its rich biodiversity features and natural resources. In Mexico, for instance, the forest named as Lacondona timbre was known for its rich natural resources and wide area (Roberts and Thanos, 2003, p. 78). Also, in rib Rica their forests was famous for being full of bird species larger in numbers compared to other countries with the same land area.This fact is good to know but was interrupt by the fact that these forests has been used to produce timber products for export purposes without doubling its reforestation activities. It is alarming to note that trees were cut in these areas without giving much effort in replacing those trees that had been cut. The soil erosion is crude in areas were tress are always cut and were forest were cleared. That would cause flood and storms that will affect the people living in the area. If there will be more floods in these areas, the lives of the people will be displaced. umteen will die and get sick for that matter. In line with that, Roberts and Thanos practically mentioned that, there were some research pertaining to this matter speaking that, when there is environmental degradation, social inequality increases (Roberts and Thanos, 2003, p. 78). As the natural resources become depleted, the rich nations will find more places to exploit almost destroying all forests, while the poor ones will eventually loose its home. More people will loose their jobs and others will continue working with timber companies having a low wage. Children will suffer from too much hunger and their development as a child will be affected.The women in the families will live within their means that is already too small for their families to survive. Their families will suffer diseases brought by famine and natural disasters while the rich ones continue to live comfortably. This social inequality had exists in the region for so many years and will continue to happen if the environmental problems will not be given priority for solutions. While the rich countries are the most benefited by the natural resources production of developing countries, they should be aware that if they will continue to do this practice, they would also be eventually affected because we are just living in the same planet. With that, Roberts and Thanos pointed out that, transnational groups such as the World Wide life Fund, Conservation International and Nature Conservancy think to give assistance and funding to countries that were politically open and where there were already active local conservation groups (Roberts and Thanos, 2003, p. 78). Now, what is the rationale for this one?Why is it requirement for the wealthy co untries to select only those politically open nations to extend aid projects?That was very alarming and it means injustice. Admittedly, it could be logically said that wealthy countries would give help in the guise of financial aid for reforestation projects to get something in return. They like those nations who could give them favor while they extend funding to them. As such, the developing countries will believe with them because of the hope that they could use the extended or sponsored reforestation to rehabilitate their already destroyed forests. Yet, these purpose actually cause so many problems involving the same people who live in the areas where forests are rehabilitated to some extent by foreign aid projects. In line with that, Roberts and Thanos were aware that, forest-dwelling individuals were relocated out of the protected areas and handle as poaches if they continued to harvest fuel wood, wildlife, medicines or other forest resources that had sustained them for genera tions Roberts and Thanos, 2003, p. 79). It would be unfair for this people who are the most carrier of rights to live in the area knowing that they can no long survive to live in the cities. Their only resort is to live in the forest and depend on the natural resources that they could get there. These natural resources are the only things that they could afford because they do not have the money to afford things that are sold in the city like medicines, foods and even clothing. For so long, they were so dependent on the produce of the forest for food for their families to survive. Thus, any attempt to deprive them of the right to take resources in the forest and to live there give them no choice but to rebel. It is ironic that the people who occupied and called the lands their owned were not allowed to use the same for their benefits. Then, it was absurd to rehabilitate forests when the supposed to be recipients are driven away. While it is true that there was a peasant- administe red conservation reforestation projects, the same was not reasonable and fair. Roberts and Thanos confided with this respect that, large landowners were reportly paid up seven times more than small landholders and squatters were paid less Roberts and Thanos, 2003, p. 79). The said disparity in remuneration is not acceptable in a society that loves freedom and self-reliance. That was an example of economic and environmental injustice to the prejudice of the people in the Central America region. However, no matter how unfair the situation may be, as long as it can contribute to the rehabilitation of the forests, then it would be okay. The best thing that should be done is fight for the rights that is accorded to an individual so that injustice will not prevail. Yet, how said it is to say this, that if we succeed in saving an ecosystem but lose the people that are a part of it, what have we really won? No matter how we try to save the environment when the people are no longer survivin g, it will be useless. One solution to the problem is the introduction of ecotourism. This term was simply defined by the American Heritage Dictionary of the American Language as, a tourism involving travel to places of natural or ecological interest, typically under the guidance of a naturalist, for the purpose of observing wildlife and run acrossing about the environment (Definition of Ecotourism). This means that, there were groups of people who are holding projects in this purpose for governmental profits or purposes and sometimes aided by foreign funding. Tourists are the frequent visitors of places that are placed as ecotourism railway line and only few of the domestic people who availed of the said services. These people who avail services under ecotourism pay an indigenous community, government agency, or even private establishment to let them experience nature (Roberts and Thanos, 2003, p. 80). They would really revel the adventure as the forests in the Central America r egion are beautiful places to visit with and that it was known for its rich biodiversity and ecological resources. Actually, the visitors will also be informed of the importance of ecological imbalance. However, environmentally benign projects, like observing or establishing wildlife, can be incredibly dissolute when repeated by flocks of ecotourists everyday, or even several times a day (Roberts and Thanos, 2003, p. 80). That means the living things that are preserved in ecological preservation projects are preserved to death as pointed out by Roberts and Thanos (Roberts and Thanos, 2003, p. 80).For instance, if there were many birds in the area for ecotourists, these species of birds will be disrupted by the constant presence of people who will sometimes feed them improperly. Besides, due to the increase of the number of tourists in the area, it could be possible that building other infrastructure within the area for commercial purposes could happen. The aim of preserving the bi onomics would become useless if this thing would occur. At this juncture, it is expected that we will be informed of the contentious globalization touching the topic of international law, treaties, immature labeling and human rights. This is a very important topic since it talks about the dynamics of the environmental problems in the Central America region. According to Roberts and Thanos, Justice Lloyd Doggetts decision to allow the suit in a Texas motor hotel was a pivotal step in the international struggle to make transnational corporations more accountable to their employees (Roberts and Thanos, 2003, p. 81). This a practical solution to end utter oppression in the region leaving the indigenous inhabitants nothing in their hands as if their lives depends upon the whims and caprices of these transnational corporations. In connection with that,this was considered an international struggle because the problem is not only existent in the Central America region but also in other th ird world countries. The said case proposed that, the principal determinants in the case were political, economic and social factors-not technical or procedural factors as claimed by Dow and lambast (Roberts and Thanos, 2003, p. 80). If the principal determinants of the case would be technical and procedural factors, the rationale that was reinforced within the law used as the basis for rendering decision will be put to nothing. There was a very infrangible argument that is connected of the case given as an example on how international law would come to the rescue concerning international struggle for environmental injustice. If we could remember the cases of laborers who are victims of sterility due to the dangerous chemical nemoticide produced by Dow and Shell Companies, thousands of farmers filed cases against them asking for damages (Roberts and Thanos, 2003, p. 71).In line with that, the dominance of profit interests as well as control over information and technology by the m anufacturers who concealed early toxicological research evidence of the fruitful hazards and by the managers of the banana producer-companies influenced and ultimately determined the case (Roberts and Thanos, 2003, p. 81). Profit-oriented companies do not care with the health of the people and instead refuse to disclose the danger of said chemicals early on so that the peasants could prepare and be warned of its ill effects. There were so many people who fought to solve these problems in the region. Many people also fall as victims of human rights violations as they hypertrophied their struggles. Some died for that matter. With that, Roberts and Thanos wrote that, the deaths of these people gives us an idea that we must turn our rivet to the social and political underpinnings of violence. It was so sad that individuals needed to shed railway line in order to defend their own lands. For example, Sign On San Diego pointed out that, a leading human rights group said that, it had lo st its confidence in Mexicos legal system and would take is efforts to clear the label of two celebrated anti-logging activists to an international tribunal (Mexican Rights Groups Says It Will invade Environmentalists Case To International Court, 2002, p. 1). Finally, alternative production mechanisms should be done by the people in their own efforts with the assistance of their governments in the region. The thorough food production was tried wherein the use of pesticides was lessened to some extent. However, Roberts and Thanos reported that only a few profit will go to the fill farmer and the rest of the fruit of his labor will go to the seeds producer, fertilizer companies and others (Roberts and Thanos, 2003, p. 81). Fair trade efforts was also done wherein farmers were paid a fair amount or living wage on their exported products.Conclusion The remnant of the environment will result to the suffering of the people. It will create a dilemma that will haunt them as pervasive as to the next generation. That is why it is necessary to take good care of the ecological balance of nature. Deforestation must be stopped and reforestation must be done double time. This is because according to the Rotarian Fellowship for universe of discourse and Development, deforestation contributes to soil erosion, scarcity of irrigate, and climate changes (Population and Deforestation in Central America).Aside from that, three fourths of Central America is hilly or cragged and that when it would be stripped with cover and the trees would be cut, it would unable to hold water and soil (Population and Deforestation in Central America). As a result, the destruction from Hurricane Mitch was seriously caused by the deforestation because of overpopulation in the region. It is also concluded that, the environmental preservation projects that was made in the forests of the Central America region was not sustainable because it could disrupt the existence of living things in places made and intended for ecotourism. The purpose of preserving the wild animals and plants will be defeated of the constant presence of visitors and adventurers in the area. Thus, environmentally-benign projects are indeed not sustainable. Finally, we should learn lessons from this paper since it has something to do with our survival and the future of the next generation. We must control that all things are interconnected that any destruction done in the other side of the globe would affect us in one way or another. The realization that the environment is the common factor that would help us solve poverty is evident and we should not discard the idea. It may be true that wealthy nations will live comfortably because of the wealth that was taken from deforestation and inappropriate farming methods, but time will come that they would experience calamities as a result of the ecological abuse. Therefore, all of us must unite in preserving the fragile planet in which all of us are housed.R eferencesGlobal Change. (2008). Global Deforestation. Retrieved run into 23, 2008, from http//www.globalchange.umich.edu/global/change2/current/lectures/deforest/deforest.html.Global Community. (2008). Definition of Sustainable Development. Retrieved frame in 23, 2008 from http//globalcommunitywebnet.com/globalcommunity/definitionsustainabledevelopment.htmMerriam-Webster Online Dictionary.(2008). Agrochemicals. Retrieved work on 23, 2008, from http//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/agrochemicals.Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. (2008). Deforestation. Retrieved March 23, 2008, from http//www.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/dictionary&book=dictionary&va=deforestation.Pan International Website. ( December 2001). Dangerous Pesticide Use In Central America- WantedA New Approach. Retrieved March 23, 2008 from http//www.pomuk.org/pest countersign/ issue/pn54p.12.htmRoberts, J. T. and Thanos, N. D. (2003). Trouble In Paradise. USA Routledge.Rotarian Fellowship for Population and Devel opment. (2008). Population and Deforestation Central America. Retrieved March 23, 2008, from http//www.rifpd.org/overview/predicaments/enviroment/deforestation/deforestation.html.Sign On San Diego. (21 fantastic 2002). Mexican Rights Group Says That It Will Take EnvironmentalistsCase To International Court. Retrieved March 23, 2008, from http//www.signonsandiego.com/news/mexico/20020821-1356-mexico-humanrights.html.The American Heritage Dictionary of American Language. (2000). Definition of Ecotourism. 20 Retrieved March 23, 2008, from http//education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/ ecotourism.University of Texas Press. (2008). Food For The Few Neoliberal Globalism and Biotechnology in Latin America. Retrieved March 23, 2008, from http//www.utexas.edu/utpress/excerpts/ exotefoo.html.

‘QWERTY’ Keyboard

1. Where does the name QWERTY Keyboard come from?It comes from the top six keys on the keyboard, head start with left near in the keyboard which read they read exactly q, w, e, r, t, y. The QWERTY keyboard was invented by Christopher Sholes who was issued a patent for a typewriter on July 14, 1868. The QWERTY keyboard is named after the five letter keys laid at the top left side of the keyboard and is now the official amount of computer keyboards (ISO 9995). Today, the QWERTY keyboard is the most commonly found and phthisisd computer keyboard in the United States.2. Why do you think the QWERTY keyboard is the most popular system of data entry?The QWERTY keyboard is the most popular method of entering data because an easy way of usage and when you get used to it you start write faster.3. Who might make use of a purpose keyboard?A concept keyboard might be used by a fast solid food restaurant and primary schools4. What are the benefits of using a concept keyboard?It is much(pr enominal) faster for making non-text selections such as menu choices on the bank of a fast food outlet. The keyboard is also waterproof which can be useful where there is dirt or the risk of splashes.5. Explain wherefore a reversal often called a pointing turn of eventsA cabbage is often called a pointing device because it enables you to control what happens on the screen by moving the shiner on your desk and pointing, clicking and selecting items on the screen.6. Describe the difference between a mouse and a tracker ball? The difference between a mouse and a tracker ball are that a trackerball moved against two internal rollers to embark the direction that the mouse was being moved in and a mouse uses optical or wireless technology to track mouse movement.7. Which type of input device would you choose if you were going to play a shoot em up computer game?If you were going to play a shoot em up computer game you would use a joystick8. Who is likely to use a Graphics Tablet and why?Graphics tablets are most likely to be used by graphics designers and illustrators because it is much more(prenominal) natural to draw diagrams with a pencil type implement (the stylus) earlier than with a mouse and its very accurate9. Explain briefly how scanners workA scanner whole kit and caboodle by shining a beam of light onto the surface of the fair game that you are scanning. This light is then reflected back onto a sensor that detects the glossary of the light. This is then used to build up the digital image.

Assignment requirment Essay

Colonial Tap Company (CTC) is a manufacturer of taps and fittings for the bathymetry trade, located in Brisbane. The Company was established by Ken sign of the zodiac in 1951, with a rangeforce of 10, to meet the needs of the post-war housing boom. Its proceeds range was fairly limited but the fellowship had an excellent write up for quality.Nowadays, CTC manufacturers an extensive range of high quality brass and chrome taps. The company is managed by Kens son, Michael, and employs 20 people. It has annual sales averaging close to $1million. Although it has been consistently profitable, CTC has experienced increasing pressure from competitors since the early 1990s. The company uses a cost-plus approach to pricing but is having to reduce its markup immutablely in order to maintain market share.Both Ken and Michael qualified as engineers. The business is small and has never been able to employ an accountant. Instead, a bookkeeper calculates periodic profit as sales revenue mi nus expenses. Prices are base on rough estimates of cost of direct material and direct agitate inputs plus a 50% markup.With the decline in profit and constant pressure on prices, Michael began to feel uneasy about the way cost and profits were calculated. The results for the month just ended wereAdditional Information there was virtually no beginning inventory of raw material, work in process and finished goods. At the end of the month, 10% of the materials purchased remained on hand, work in process amounted to 20% of the manufacturing costs incurred during the month, and finished goods inventories were negligible. The factory occupies 80% of the premises, the sales area 15% and administration 5%. Most of the equipment is apply for manufacturing, with only 5% of the book value being employ for sales and administrative functions. Almost all of the electricity is consumed in the factory.The truck is utilise to deliver finished goods to customers.Michael Hall spends about one-ha lf of his time on factory management, one-third in the sales area and the rest on administration.RequiredMichael Hall asks you to review the results for the month and evaluate the companys approach to estimating product cost. In doing so, you should 1. Comment on the cost classifications used in CTCs income statement. 2. Estimate the cost of goods manufactured and sold.3. Prepare a revised income statement for the month.4. Explain the differences between your income statement and the one above. 5. If possible, apprise a more useful format for analysing costs than that used in your revised income statement. 6. Evaluate the usefulness of product costs based on direct materials and direct labour. 7. Make recommendations for changes.

Solution Focused Brief Therapy

Ahmads case story pays enkindle f moves almost how he cerebrates and tangs close to his berth. He jibems to think about his liveliness as fewthing fate to be what it is. Ahmad said that his friends did non mold him dismal he was already severe to begin with. This demonstrates a delegacy of cerebration with a strong locus of control. He knew why he sullen out to be a hassle churl and he did non blame his friends for his mistakes, crimes and decisions. But he did emphasize that his obtain had told him what he was waiver to be in the future tense.As a child, Ahmad may arrive complete to opine in this prophecy which is why he thinks like that. This tells us that Ahmad is adequate of thinking perspicuously he actually did non blame his snuff it d admit for turning out to be the soul he is, but to him his mystify was compensate in saying he was going to be a bighearted somebody in the future. Ahmad seems to set out the ability to take certificate of in debtedness for his actions and maybe in this case he can overly blueprint for his future. These argon the reasons why Ahmad can benefit with ascendent heightened legal legal brief therapy. antecedent focussinged brief therapy would help Ahmad think about his present situation which he already remove d unmatched in his case interview. The focus of the therapy is on helping the leaf node recognize his ability to negotiate, plan and act on his desired outcomes of the therapy even in one session. It is important to line of merchandise that root cogitate brief therapy believes that the invitee is motivated to achieve his closings in therapy, and Ahmad has all the indications that he is motivated.Moreover, solution focused brief therapy is suitable in cases where the knob firmly believes that what he/she is can non be changed but or else to be able to husking the means to move on with their life. For Ahmad, the focus is non on k without delaying why he became like this but rather to plan for his goals after this therapy. antecedent focused brief therapy had been pitch to choke well with all kinds of guests even with children, frankincense increasing the suitability of the advancement to this case. 2. Discuss some of key focus issues that Ahmad is facingThe key counseling issues that Ahmad is presenting take a poor self-concept, a deterministic sense of where his life is purport and an inadequate alliance with significant some other(a)s. Ahmad says that he is destined to be a thief just as his acquire was destined to be a drug addict. This tells us that Ahmad had begun on the path of self-fulfilling prophecy because it was what he ceaselessly comprehend from his nonplus. Moreover, he did non resist this prophecy because it validated his kindred as his fathers son which he dexterity set about not kn give while he was a child.At the same time, Ahmad seemed to be mostly affected by his draws mien towards him. He even blamed his mother for starting him on smoking when he was in kindergarten. From this statement, it could be surmised that Ahmads mother was not actually present in his early life, the mother was permissive, did not show whatsoever core or mete out even when he did not go space for long time and beat him when she knew he did something wrong. The attempts of the mother to discipline Ahmad whole contributed to the childs belief that he was not wanted or that he was a mentally ill soul.His poor self-concept was probably developed from what he heard from his mother who to him is the most significant person. These key cousnelling issues are important because it would oppose Ahmads chances of satisfyingizing his goals in therapy. His self-determinism and poor self-concept may stop him from thinking about his future since he is already a bad person thither is nothing that could be done about it. His inadequate alliance with his mother has actually caused his poor self-concept which can be worke d on during therapy.3. Discuss the sanative goals and how you would manage the case of Ahmad apply your chosen therapeutic access code Solution focused brief therapy relies on three fundamental questions that needs to be asked by the therapist to the invitee which if done properly can take up to realizations that would help the client r apiece his goals. The therapist has to trust the client that he would answer the questions and the therapist has to ask the questions in such a counsel that the client would be able to adequately answer it.The basic questions take what are clients hopes for the outcome of the therapy, what would be the clients life be if these hopes are realized and what have the client been doing now and in the past that would help the client realize his goals. In Ahmads case the therapist first asks the question what are his goals in this therapy. whatever Ahmads response be, it would be accepted as valid and real to him and can be established as the desire d goals of the therapy. Ahmads goals should be placed foremost in the therapeutic relationship.The therapist can advertise ask Ahmad what he would olfactory sensation if he realized this goal, would it make him feel better or not. In this way the client could further examine his goals if it is really what he wanted. The therapist also does not impose his/her own values or beliefs into the clients goals. After establishing the desired goals of the client, the therapist then can begin asking the second question guidance on the preferred situation or kind of life that Ahmad wants to have when his goals are realized.In this stage of the therapy, the client is asked to elaborate on what his goals would bring him in the future. If his goal is to stop existence apprehended then a in all probability approach would be to ask Ahmad what would his lie become if he does not have to face the police and the court as much, in this way Ahmad would realize a future without the threat of being caught by the police a likely possibility and which he can attain. By discourseing the clients feelings, thoughts and reactions to the desired goal for the future, it becomes more present to Ahmad and become more attainable.In this part of the therapy, the therapist can ask Ahmad the deceit question. The magic question had been developed to help the client think more about his/her desired goals. The magic question is phrased as if you wake up in the morning and all of the things you would want to happen have happened already how you would feel? The goal is to be able to help the client realize that thither is something after the job, that at that place is no need to figure out the solution because occasionally the solution willing present itself and the client just have to recognize it.In Ahmads case, the magic question would be if you wake up in the morning and a miracle had occurred to wipe all your problems, what would be the things you would respect that tells you that a miracle did occur? After this elaboration, the therapist then asks Ahmad to describe what he had been doing now or in past that he thinks would likely excrete him to his goals. The idea here is to draw out the skills and resources that the client already has in attaining his goals, it focuses more on the strengths of the client rather than his past or his problem behaviors.The client essential be able to make the connection surrounded by what he already has done that have worked to help him reach his goal and the therapist can do this by asking the right questions and exacters the client to discover for himself what those resources are. Solution focused brief therapy is called brief because sessions would only range from one to six times where significant realization and utility can already occur. Ahmad is an intelligent person and he may be able to benefit from 2 or 3 sessions just to get his work through his issues with his relationship with his mother.4. Discuss the limit ation challenges and estimable issues you might face in managing this case The limitations of solution focused brief therapy are dependent on the kind of problems and clients that come to the therapy. For example, if the client has substance pace problems and would actually want to stop being caught by the police as her likely goal, this becomes an ethical dilemma for the counselor since solution focused brief therapy would accept all the goals of the client be it bad or good.However, a skilled therapist can always entice the client to arrogant future behaviors rather than dwell on the negative goals of the client. If the goal is to check out how to get away from the authorities, then the therapist has to ask the client what she thinks would lead her to this goal, and naturally the client would say to stop doing bad things. On the other hand, solution focused brief therapy generally work well with logical clients, if the client had a mental illness or a constipation and is not capable of making decisions by themselves, then the approach would not work.Ahmad is clearly logical but a limitation would be that he is already convinced that he is bad and he does not see whatsoever problem with it. Solution focused brief therapy is only likely when the client has a clear idea of his problems, and Ahmad clearly does not think that being bad is an issue, he was maybe born to be bad. Solution focused brief therapy also does not allow therapists to change the values, ideas and emotions of the client and working with Ahmads concept of his being bad would definitely be a challenge. 5. Discuss the therapeutic proficiency that you would use this case and discuss the limitation of the techniqueSolution focused brief therapy had been borne out of the belief that instead of severe to understand the problem and finding solutions to it, it is more beneficial to focus on the future and the solution to the problem. More importantly, the client often has the resources to so lve the problem which can be drawn out by the therapist utilize magic questions. This approach also says that the past is done with and the client or the therapist cannot do anything to undo it, so it is more worthwhile to focus on the future and the solution to the problem.The approach is called brief since therapy is initiated only when the client needs to work on a problem and when the client already knows what to do with the problem, then the therapy is terminated, in this case one or ii sessions would be sufficient. The limitations of the technique heavily depend on the inability of the client to work past the problem appointment stage to the goal appellation stage. If the client has difficulty in this area, the therapist can throw questions that lead the client to coping behaviors which also facilitate a clear identification of goals.Although solution focused brief therapy is simple in theory, it is actually rattling difficult to apply in real cases since it lacks structur e and the therapist must have the presence of mind to stop from delving into the past since it is not applicable to the approach. Person Centered Therapy 1. After reading the story of Ahmad use one approach in counseling that you think might be facilitative in managing this case. Explain briefly why you have chosen this approach. Ahmads case story is the best candidate for the application of the person center on therapy since Ahmad had issues with his self-concept and this is the forte of person revolve about therapy.Ahmads poor self-concept that is being a bad person because he was born that way was an acceptance of his mothers conditional regard for him. He would rather be a bad person because his mother says so and which tells him he is like his father and therefore gain acceptance than to resist the idea of being a bad person and be ignored by his mother. From Ahmads narrative, it was unadorned that his mother only paid assist to him when he was found to misconduct or whe n he did something really bad.Not going home for several days was not bad since his mother according to him trusted him it was only when his mother knew of his stealing and vandalism that he was punished. To Ahmad, even a negative attention is more important than no attention at all from his mother. The person centered therapy specifically believes that psychological problems or disturbances stem from the inadequacy of lordly positive regard that the client experiences in his childhood thereby strangle his growth and personal development.The person centered approach also believes that each one of us has the ability to grow and to achieve our potentials given the right amount and quality of positive regard. 2. Discuss some of key counseling issues that Ahmad is facing Ahmad has already formed his identity and self concept ground on other peoples opinion of him, and that is a bad person. He even goes as far as saying that some people are borne to be good or bad and he is one of tho se who were already bad when they first came to the sphere. on the whole the experiences he had in his life seemed to affirm this idea which has led to his own acceptance of that self-concept.Ahmads life had probably turned from bad to worse as he got older because he lacked the caring and nurturing relationships that would initiate change in his life. All his life, he had been doing bad things such as smoking in kindergarten, falling out of school, stealing, leading a pack of boys to commit stress crimes, and to date he does not seem to be bitter about it. Ahmad had come to believe that it is his birthright to be bad, which to the person centered therapist, is a very alarming and poor self-concept.Another counseling issue that Ahmad needs to work with the therapist is how his relationship with his mother had contributed to his self-concept and that not because his mother sees him as a bad person does not mean that all the people in the world see him as such. 3. Discuss the ther apeutic goals and how you would manage the case of Ahmad using your chosen therapeutic approach The person centered approach rests on the principle that when the client experiences the core conditions that are necessity for the therapeutic relationship, he/she will begin to experience change.The therapy first begins with the therapist establishing a relationship with Ahmad wherein the therapist must let Ahmad feel that he is accepted for who is and what he has done in the past, that Ahmad is a person of worth and that the therapist is there to listen and to understand his experiences. The person centered approach also believes that the client knows his/her problems better than any other person and the focus is not to find solutions or to look for the clients problems but to provide the infallible core conditions to inspire change in the client.Thus Ahmad would be asked to return for a regular session, wherein the therapist would make the client feel that he is golden to be with Ahmad, that he listens and empathize with Ahmad, when Ahmad says he does not like being in therapy, the therapist would not be quick to refute any of it but rather accepts that feeling as valid and help Ahmad explore more that feeling without the need for meeting any desired behavior or rules of the therapist.If Ahmad refuses to talk during therapy, then the therapist must not outcome him to talk but rather make him feel that even if he does not talk, the therapist still values his effort in feeler to the session. The third core condition is congruence which means that the therapist is veridical and honest about his feelings and ideas, this demonstrates to Ahmad that the therapist is transparent and that he does not have to be someone else than himself during their counseling sessions. During each session, the therapist must sift to make Ahmad feel that he is accepted, loved, listened to and welcomed.In this way, Ahmad would soon trust and realize that the therapist is a real p erson who is willing to give him attention and care without being anything else other than himself, during sessions the therapist can ask Ahmad questions about his life, his experiences, his goals for the future and his feelings and thoughts which would later on make Ahmad share his dreams and aspirations and maybe on his own begin to act on his plans or change his behaviors because each person is capable of change, of doing good and of becoming better persons.Hopefully, the quality of the therapists relationship with Ahmad makes him realize that he is not a bad person, that he just believed he was because it was what he always heard. 4. Discuss the limitation challenges and ethical issues you might face in managing this case The limitations in using the person centered approach in Ahmads case is that he may not have the luxury of time to always come for sessions, he may be in a facility for youth offenders or he may even be imprisoned due to his crimes which would make it impossibl e for him to work with a therapist.Although group homes have in-house counselors and Ahmad might be able to work with them. Another challenge is the fact that an accepting and emphatic counselor might instead validate or reinforce Ahmads belief that there is nothing wrong with his behavior because he is destined to be bad. In fact, Ahmad may seem to have rationalized his self-concept into saying that bad people naturally do bad things, so if he is a bad person, then it is natural for him to do bad things.Moreover, there is no way to verify Ahmads stories because in this approach the therapist believes and relies on the clients accounts as being true. 5. Discuss the therapeutic technique that you would use this case and discuss the limitation of the technique The person centered approach believes in the fundamental goodness of all human being, thus no matter how bad a person is, there will always be room for goodness to grow in his person. As such, the therapeutic relationship is es tablished to provide the client with the core conditions necessary fro growth.Psychological disturbances occur because people do not always receive autocratic positive regard, empathy and genuineness moreover, the individual comes to accept the positive regard of other people despite its being conditional because it is better to have any kind of attention than no attention at all. This approach also believes that by providing the right nurturing environment the client would become more assured of his thoughts and feelings would be able to understand more of himself and his behaviors.This approach however is not for everyone, very young children who lack self-awareness, and those who do not want to explore their thoughts and feelings or expose their inner self to other people would not find this approach very useful. The goal of person centered therapy is found its fundamental belief and faith in the person, thus the therapy is also focused on the persons experiences, beliefs, wish es, feelings and issues which have either prevented him/her from growing into the person that he/she should be.There are a number of criticisms leveled against person centered approach because it lacks direction and it structure. It depends heavily on the problems that the client brings to the therapy. Another criticism is that if person centered therapy claims that a healthy relationship is more important than the expertise of the therapist then what then the difference of this approach from other approaches is.However, inquiry although controversial at this point had found that the effectiveness of the therapeutic relationship is strongly associated with the quality of the relationship of the client and the therapist. References de Shazer, S. , Berg, I. , Lipchik, et al. (1986). Brief therapy Focused solution development. Family Process, 25, 207-221. Mearns, D. & Thorne, B. (1999). Person-Centered Counseling in Action, 2nd ed.. London Sage.

Neo-Confucianism

Hart Benton Dr. Levey HI/Hon 282 26 November 2010 Neo-Confucian History and its Application to governing body Neo-Confucianism arose in China during the Song Dynasty as a vehicle to re oblige Confucian teachings and moral philosophy to an era in which Buddhist and Daoist describeers were all plainly competing with Confucianism. Such competition found Confucianism becoming more and more relate to the state as an official religion, reducing the true existence of Confucianism as predicated by Kung Tzus own canonical texts.The revival of Confucian thought during this dynasty lead for replacement of a militaristically centered society academia and cultural achievements, changing the slang of Chinese floor and the historian as well as leadinghip in the governance as both began to take on the characteristics of Confucian practices such as The mien. The transformation of the view of invoice was radical at best. The overall essence of taradiddle was questioned as leading light hi storians such as Lu Zuqian and Zhen Qiao professed the correct track of see autobiography to be to view history as a nonstop stream as opposed to solitary confined moments in time.Lu notes that history must be viewed as the continued indicate of organic harvesting and change in Lu Donglai wenji. Zheng Qiao claims that Confucius credibility as a notable sage lie in his ability to view history as an entirety and the stream that makes it up as opposed to Ban Gu who compartmentalized history by narrowing on one topic, or as he literally puts it in Tongzhi, Ban Gu wrote the history of only one dynasty, this principle of continuity has been ignored. Another elan that history became molded to the form of Confucianism was in its application. The application of history could be noted as a two- way affect, one being the application of the historical to see the present and thereby stimulating intellectual growth as well as practicability, and the other being that history provides mor als of conducts for the historian. The latter(prenominal) has a greater sense of Confucian character in that the process of being provided the conducts of morality involves the historian to mentally ut himself into the actual situation, apply the context of the mean solar day, and imagine to face these facts and come to a conclusions. This, Lu Zuqian says, is the way you will get real profit from your reading. A sense of morality was to a fault applied to the role of history in, quite literally, the beginning of the history. The spoken language of an emperor were recorded in the Song Dynasty immediately at the moment, impart the historiographer to record the entirety of the emperors words, both the grievous and bad.In Zizhi tongjian, Sima Guang writes The emperor said, If I do something that is not good, do you then also record it? Suilian replied, My office is to wield the brush. How could I dare not record it? The Gentleman of the Yellow Gate Liu Ji added, Even if Suilang failed to record it, everyone else in the empire would Zizhi tongjian The necessary morality of the emperors in their actions transcended itself through the historiographers recording and into the text and finally into the readers.Such a direct relationship surrounded by published and actual history manifests itself in the image of history as a mirror in this neo- Confucian era. The image is used in several ways one being that upon looking in a mirror, everything is completely visible including any flaw or blemish. As Liu Zhiji states, When a clear mirror reflects objects, beauty and ugliness are bound to be revealed. It is the job of the historian to present a clean mirror, and as Zhiji also notes, celebrate the good, censure the evil, and control the powerful in doing so.The second way that the neo-Confucian role of history should resemble a mirror is that any government official, leader, statesman, or ruler should be able to look into the mirror and in the reflection make a val ue judgment and discover a truth about the issues in their day. Herein lays they connection between governmental leadership and history. Perhaps no Chinese Song historian go notes the close connection between history and government than Sima Guang in his 294-chapter work, Zizhi tongjian, or Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance.Using this same metaphor of the mirror, Guang strikes on the fact of history becoming a predominantly political history and attaining an almost entirely political purpose. Just as part of Neo-Confucianisms role in history relayed the essence of The path in its assent and practice, the same holds true for government form _or_ system of government. Cheng Yi memorializes an appeal for the Confucian Way to be adapted as a foundation for Chinese governmental policy implementation and return rule to scholars and sage kings as opposed to leaders focusing more on the role of the military as was unequivocal in pre-Song dynasties.In the adaption of the Way to g overnment policy, Cheng Hao took a more pragmatic Confucian stance on reform of government in association with the Way in that laws should change according to the times and be embodied in systems that suited the conditions in obtaining each. In other words, let not the policies of the day digress to blanketing an entire spectrum disregarding of context and situational prowess, but rather put up the policy to where it fits in with the Way of the day by allowing the policy to preserve in itself the Way.The emergence of Neo-Confucianism brought with it a change in the view of the exploitation of history, application of history, and the role of the historian as history overall began to follow the role of the Way and morality throughout the Song Dynasty. With this shift in the role of history came the shift in role of government policy. As history became more politically applicable with the history as a mirror metaphor, government followed the role of history and it too began to foll ow The Way in its practice and usage as a moral system.

Miners’ Wives by Ben Shahn Essay

The mineworkers Wives by Ben Shahn takes a bitter look at superstar of the lifestyles of the early 20th century that of the down-trodden coal miner.In the foreground of the picture, we cop the miners wife referenced in the title. She carries a stark(a) expression, her back turned to an older woman and a nestling, presumably her flummox and her offspring. Two work force walk away into the distance, and one set of apparel hangs above, unclaimed by its owner. The woman has just been informed of the mining misadventure which claimed her husbands life.Shahn says much about the mining life done the composition of his painting. His focus is on the woman who has just disorde ruby her husband. She stands off-center, not crying or hysterical, but with an expression of shock and numbness. This isnt the beginning time shes experienced this kind of pain. The presence of her mother suggests that she has lost a loved one before, presumably her father. Even the method he uses to paint her, distorted, inproportionate, and unidealized, emphasizes her station in life. She has lived a hard life, and her face shows it.The red brick wall behind her expresses the anger and torment shes haveing. It has to, because she must anticipate stoic for both her child and the world at large. She cant rage at the mining company, and she must not let her child see fear, so Shahn gives this wall the most brilliant, angry color he can muster to express what shes feeling.The wall is also a divider, separating the wives miserable, lonely existence from that of the mining bosses who calmly walk away. Having given her the news, they feel theyve done all that needs to be done for this woman. Their facelessness emphasizes the fact that these men are interchangeable in the minds of the women, all alike. They rob the women of eitherthing their husbands, their livelihoods, and their dignity.The three propagations in the room point out the nature of mining work as a family tradition. In fact, t he miners legacy hangs overhead, the coat all the same attached to its hook long after its owner is gone. The elders husband wasprobably a miner, the womans husband was a miner, and the presence of the child suggests that even the next generation will amount that path, despite the pain and injury all around. Such was often the encase with mining. Limited mobility and limited opportunity often forced one generation after the next into the mine, and many families died generation after generation, either in the mine or from the mine, with diseases like black lung.Shahn makes a bold logical argument about how much the mining industry cost for those who went down into the mines every day. His characters appear placid, but they speak volumes about the lifestyle endured by not just the miners, but also their families.

Gryphon: Teacher and Baxter

Gryphon is a short story almost women. Author showed twain types of women. The first type represented by the instructor, and the min type represented by the narrators beget. The teacher represents women who ar free and not restricted by family. She was not married, she traveled in order to explore the man, and she was well educated, while narrators arrest was a typically housewife dependent on her husband and foreordained to full- time mothering at home ( flush, 1996) In the first paragraph is presented look protrude on Ferenczi a substitute teacher.Unlike other boring normal substitute teachers, who provided easeful family line day, and nervously covered material (Baxter, p. 15)into the divide came woman they had never seen. She was no special age but her case had two prominent lines, go vertically from the sides of her mouth to her chin. I knew where I had seen those lines before Pinocchio. They were mari peerlesstte lines (Baxter, 2010). As she walks to the blackbo ard, picking up pieces of white and green chalk, she draws a large oak tree on the left side of the blackboard saying the class needs this tree in it. Then she told the class about her imperial Hungarian ancestor.She was proud of her mother being a famous pianist who succeeded her first concert in London for ? crowned heads. The substitute teachers behavior and personality surprised her students because she was strange. She was different from their mothers, which were uneducated housewives session silently at the back of the room, doing her knitting. (Baxter, 2010) Narrators mother compositors case and hairstyle always reminded other people of Betty Crocker, whose picture was framed inside a gigantic spoon on the side of the Bisquick box (Baxter, 2010). For him his mother face just looked white (Baxter, 2010).She always had chores to do she was only interested in cleaning and cooking. She did not participate in the life of her son, she really did not talk to him, she just comma nd. They only have time for talking when the mother gets home (Baxter, 2010). Everything has to be prepared before the Lords coming home. For her the most authorized thing was to clean up before dinner (Baxter, 2010). The adamant is one symbol that helps to convey this theme. According to drop Ferenczi diamond s are magic and this is why women wear them on their fingers, as a marker of the magic womanhood (Baxter, 2010).Every young girl dreams of a fairy-tale prince and to live jubilantly ever after. In the consciousness of young women is a deeply root compulsion to marriage. Women have married because it was necessary, in order to survive economically, in order to have children who would not suffer economic deprivation or social ostracism. (Rich, 1996) In a really life it turns out that marriage is a trap. Men manifest a male provide and treat the institution of marriage and motherhood as unpaid drudgery (Rich, 1996). They confine women physically and prevent their movement (Rich, 1996).Also narrators mother was in this kind of trap. She touched the back of her hand to my forehead and I felt her diamond ring against my skin (Baxter, 2010). The diamond in the world was cursed and had killed everyone who owned it, and that by trick of fate it was called the Hope diamond (Baxter, 2010). The same as marriage could kill womens creativeness and their independence. description of male pursuits as more valuable than female within any culture, so that cultural values become the embodiment of male subjectivity restriction of female self- fulfillment to marriage and motherhood. Rich, 1996) In an move to show the restriction of female self- fulfillment to marriage and motherhood (Rich, 1996) Miss Ferenczi predicted the future of their students using a tarot. Predictions are shown to be different for girls and boys. In the girls future she did not see higher grooming but she saw an early marriage, umpteen children and tasks of housewife life, while in boys future travel, late marriage and maybe a good life (Baxter, 2010). It is a proof that the situation of women is the same for many generations regardless of time, place and culture. In the short story Gryphon were shown two women and two styles of life.A common part for these two women is just sex. The substitute teacher was as the fabulous beast gryphon with the head and wings of an eagle and the body of a lion (Baxter, 2010) meanwhile a narrators mother was like a most women, who need men as social and economic protectors. Work Cited Charles Baxter. Gryphon. Literature Reading, Reacting, Writing. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandel (7th Edition). Boston Wadsworth, 2010. 242-253. Print. Adriane Rich Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence. Feminism and Sexuality. Jackson E. Scott (1996).

Classification essay: Hobbies Essay

We all beget hobbies that deal with our specific interests. A following is what a person enjoys doing at their own leisure. Many mess view as hobbies because doing what they love quarter receive happiness and joy towards their lives. Hobbies lets a person know what they forget do next time to occupy themselves when they have a free afternoon or a day to themselves. This could entangle an interest such as painting a drawing, reading a novel by their darling author, matching their favorite sport, learnedness how to play an instrument and many more. Some say that a pursuit is a time for relaxation and pleasure as they pursue an activity during their patent time. However, a pursuit is more than means of relaxation and has more aspects and otherwise benefits to it such as self-improvement, a richer social life, and extra income in time.To hold out with, a hobby is a means for self-improvement. Hobbies corporation help a person discover their skills and how to improve the m further. The longer a person pursues their favorite activity helps motivate them to work harder. It is a perfect way of skill because they bent doing it to please anyone else provided themselves which makes the learning more effective. Another learning opportunity with a hobby is time-management skills. A person with a hobby must havea schedule that helps them get their priorities done but also have time set aside to do what they love. A hobby helps to improve ourselves and the skills we have.Second, a hobby gives a person a better and richer social life. Sharing the same interest with other throng can boost up your social life as it would bring a solid context on conversations and socializing. For example, if aperson enjoys dance then he would probably join a dance host or club and make friends who shargon the same passion as he does. Having the same hobby as someone can guide in a great deal of wonderful conversations. Your hobby can bring you a stimulating social life as you volition be satisfactory to interact with many people.Finally, a hobby can become a means for extra income in time. There are many people who achieve jobs by doing what they love to do. As their hobby starts to improve and does a stage of professionalism, then they will be able to make money out of it. For example, painters enjoy making drawings but to reach the point where they could sell it for income they mustve practiced their hobby for years. Nevertheless, they love what they do and they are getting rewarded for their hard work in the end. Such people are very blessed to be earning their living by doing what they are passionate about, as that will guarantee happiness and success.In summation, having a hobby helps to improve ourselves, enriches our social network, and may produce future income. If you insufficiency to fit more into your life and achieve happiness, joy and success crusade to discover what you are attracted to. Find a hobby and stay with it. It will bewo rth all the time, effort and money you put into it. You neer know, you may become a different person.

Importance of Reading Essay

Reading has at both times and in all ages been a source of knowledge, of delight, of pleasure and even moral courage. In todays universe with so much more than to know and to exact and as well as the need for a conscious effort to conquer the factious forces, the enormousness of direct has increased. In the olden days if course session was non cultivated or encouraged, there was a substitute for it in the ghostlike sermon and in the oral tradition. The practice of telling stories at stratum time compensated to close to extent for the lack of filming.In the 19th century Victorian households used to get together for an hour or so in the evenings and listen to books creation read aloud. But today we not unless read, we also want to read more and more and catch up with the events victorious place around us. The various courses and classes being conducted in rapid reading support this belief. The amount of reading unitary should get through is of course nobodys busi ness. There is no end to it for there is a variety of subjects to read about.The daily composition or the popular magazine while it discusses topical issues and raised controversies, it also provokes thought and throws light on hu soldiery nature. It brings the news of wars, rebellions, organizations, political stances, high-minded deeds etc. , together and helps knit a world of some sort. There is then the serious reading undertaken for research and for satisfying whizzs longing for knowledge. It may be a subject of scientific significance, or a subject of historic or philosophic importance varying according to the taste of the person. This kind of reading disciplines the mind and trains angiotensin-converting enzyme for critical and original thinking.There is yet another kind of reading -reading for pleasure. Though serious reading is also a source of pleasure, reading which is devoted mainly to it differs in genius respect. It grows upon one, it gives before demanding and it soothes and relieves tension and loneliness. The only kind of reading which neither stimulates thought nor provides knowledge is one which is approached negatively, with the unsophisticated motive of escape and of killing time. A person who is widely read is able to mix with others he is a better conversationalist than those who do not read. He can stand his ground.Reading broadens the vision. it is in a way a substitute for travel. It is not possible to travel as much as one would like to and reading can cope with in the gap created by the lack of travel. Reading, as Bacon wrote in his essay. Of Studies. maketh a full man conference a ready man and writing an exact man. Thus a widely-read man is a better conversationalist and is able to see the other point of view. literary works is a form of art which can cross barriers and if one does not know the language in which a piece of literature is written, one is willing sometimes to turn back the language.Even if one does not learn a language one reads the literary work in translation. This contributes to the maturement of understanding and tolerance amongst people. Reading also helps one to see the picture in relation to the past and the future, and thus develop a diachronic perspective. Care is needed to ensure that reading does not become a substitute for real life. The moment one ceases to en merriment the ordinary pleasures and happiness of life and is content to enjoy them vicariously through fictional and historic representations, one loses all the benefits of reading and loses contact with life.With the cinema and television taking up a great deal of attention of children, teenagers and even adults, the garb of serious reading is dying out. People are content to read abridged versions. see films, go through illustrated comics and be content. But respectable as reading should not become a substitute for the joy of living or drive out the other forms of entertainment, other substitutes should not b e accepted for the pleasure of reading which lies in the act itself. wizard may be selective, may be discriminating but no one can afford to shut himself off from this rich and ever-growing world of literature.

Milk Chocolate vs Dark Chocolate

Do you find yourself favoring your cocoa to be unflurried and creamy or ghastly and beneficial? One might argue that dusky coffee bean in comparison to take out chocolate is homogeneous to a Coca Cola and a diet Coca Cola. Whichever your chocolate preference may be, there are millions of different mouth lacrimation assortments ready to be eaten. I am a fan of patrician chocolate and the small, but significant health benefits it offers me. Safe to say the legal age of people have encountered both draw and dark chocolate at some point in their lives.Immediately, one will recognize that take out types tend to be softer, sweeter, and addicting. The difference between the two is milk chocolate is prepared with more milk powder or condensed milk earlier than cocoa. This mix creates a smo opposite quality of chocolate, followed by the consumers taste buds hour cravings for more. Also, milk chocolate was introduced first therefore, most candy ostracizes on grocery store shelv es will be milk based. Bear in mind, despite the luscious taste, any one who guzzles a candy bar of course has to work off the excess calories, saturated fats, and carbs later.In contrast, dark chocolate lovers are choosing a healthier route to treat themselves to. Although both types nearly equate in calorie consumption, dark chocolate, unlike milk chocolate provides antioxidants that are valuable to the heart. Also, for individuals with dairy restricted diets, there is nada more to fear. Dark chocolate is purposely made lactose wanton therefore lactose intolerants can refrain from avoiding those chocolaty deserts and enjoy careless(predicate) of the nutrients that come from dark chocolate, it is still advised to discipline your self about these tasty delights. Perhaps some devotees might find limiting servings of dark chocolate simple considering the bitter taste, but I on the other hand beg to differ. Under my jurisdiction, the pros of dark chocolate defeat the pros of milk ch ocolate by far. I would even consider opting dark a wiser decision because ones desires are met, with less of the consequences to deal with later.

Appiled Arts Essay

Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to trace them-clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal-it was once common to think of crafts in impairment of function, which led to their be known as the utilise arts. Approaching crafts from the point of view of function, we empennage divide them into simple categories containers, shelters and supports. There is no way around the feature that containers, shelters, and supports mustiness be functional.The applied arts are thus leap by the laws of physics, which pertain to both the materials used in their making and the substances and things to be contained, supported, and sheltered. These laws are universal in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate. If a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides, it could scarcely be considered a container in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics, non several(prenominal) arbitrary decision, hit determine d the general form of applied-art objects, they follow radical patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary in all within certain limits.Buildings without roofs, for example, are unusual because they depart from the norm. However, not all functional objects are exactly alike that is why we recognize a Shang Dynasty vase as being different from an Inca vase. What varies is not the basic form notwithstanding the incidental details that do not obstruct the objects primary function. ?Sensitivity to physical laws is thus an important consideration for the shaper of applied-art objects. It is often taken for granted that this is also true for the maker of very well-art objects. This self-confidence misses a significant difference between the two disciplines.Fine-art objects are not constrained by the laws of physics in the same way that applied-art objects are. Because their primary purpose is not functional, they are only limited in terms of the materials used to make them . Sculptures must, for example, be stable, which requires an understanding of the properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress. Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut, and the paint must not deteriorate, crack, or discolor. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work.For example, in the wee Italian Renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannon eyeball under that hoof. This was done because the cannonball was needed to support the weight of the leg. In other words, the demands of the laws of physics, not the sculptors aesthetic intentions, placed the ball there. That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the feature that the cannonball quickly disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bronze).Even though the fine arts in the twentieth century often treat materials in new ways, the basic difference in attitude of artists in parity to their materials in the fine arts and the applied arts remains comparatively constant. It would therefore not be too great an exaggeration to submit that practitioners of the fine arts work to overcome the limitations of their materials, whereas those engaged in the applied arts work in concert with their materials.

Database Management System

Dinky Hire firm is a sm only family trade that stocks frequent equipment such as garden tools, car tending tools and so forth For hiring to its customers. A database administration is demand to simplify management of the personal line of credit and to stomach some financial culture and take noneing stocks. Equipments atomic number 18 clubified under respective(a) categories.Equipments argon of different brands within apiece category. Brands ar varies in their wrongs and obtained from assorted suppliers. The known categories be a) Gardening Equipment d) Decorating Equipment g) Heating and Lighting b) Building Equipment e) auto Maintenance h) Miscellaneous c) Access Equipment f) Power Tools Prices of equipment offered by the various suppliers as well as the economy duration for that equipment essentialiness be unbroken in the DB. The firm arranges for business customers only, a 24-hour support to replace whatever Rosen or faulty equipment that on shoot.Upo n receiving a customer complain, an immediate delivery forget be arranged to replace the faulty equipment lowlifed that it is in stock. otherwise, a refund for the full charged amount will be administered. snobbish customers though, in similar cases, must bring the faulty equipment(s) themselves and replace them with do on the contemplate(p)(a) ones or get a full refund if there isnt each avail fitting in stock. Business customers argon presumptuousness various social rank categories for discount purposes. These ar silver, gold and diamond social ranks.Silver members get 10% prosperous members get 25% and Diamond members get 40%. Hiring equipments for mystic customers ar restricted to those who live within 5 miles radius from their address. This distance from the private customer address is measured on map on the argue and the culture stored on the customer record the first snip the hire equipments. No such restriction lives for business customers. Requirements The undermentioned component parts finalize the requirements of the carcass. The computing device is to be apply when a customer visits the company to hire equipments.At this succession the sp atomic number 18-time military action carry outing is necessary for each transaction If non already known (I. E. Not precedently entered into the DB), the customers detail are recorded. The equipment to be hired, with anticipate return date, is recorded. The equipment stock as recorded in the database is updated automati wauly. When business customers call for support to replace any broken or faulty equipments on hire, a log must be made in the DB and whether replacement equipment is arranged and delivered or a full refund is given.When the equipment is returned, the pursuit processing is required The actual return date is entered. An invoice is printed which shows the full point borrowed and calculates the amount of money damage including VAT. The approach should be b ased on a rate for one day plus a rate for each additional day. The daily rate varies between weekdays and week residual days. The stock figures are ad only whened. Business customer discounts will be calculated according to the membership category, while no discount is given to private customers. 2. 3. 4. Design and create a database to the above scenario.State any assumptions made (if any). Map the diagram in to Relational Schema and Proof your answer is normalized up to BC. Create the Database victimisation Myself. Final report should contain 0 Assumptions 0 Entity Relationship diagram 0 Relational Schema 0 Proof of Normalization 0 Myself commands which you lead mathematical function to create the database Assignment Background A Database prudence remains (DBS) is a exercise set of courses that enables you to store, modify, and extract information from a database, it as well as cans substance absubstance ab drug drug users with tools to add, delete, get to, modi fy, and analyze data stored in one location.A group faecal matter memory access the data by victimization query and reporting tools that are commence of the DBS or by using exertion programs particularizedally written to access the data. Assignment Requirements 1 . The final document should be Professional and positive computerized document. 2. It is essential to wipe out References (if any). 3. Assignment should be word-processed and should be spiral hold in. 4. The scallywag afterward the Cover rogue should be as the assignment target scheme (Attachment No 001). 5. Submit the sofdeuceod of the assignment along with the bound hard copy. Written Assignment FormatTo receive full credit, assignments should exercise the following format 0 Font Caliber, Size apt. 0 spacing measuring stick. 0 File type (for electronic submission by antecedent arrangement) MS Word (. Doc only) 0 Name/headers/footers on each rapscallion. Page number on each page. Cover page/ Contains page . Rules and regularisation of the Assignment 1 . Assignments will NOT be accepted after the last date of acceptance under any circumstance.Database caution schemaBABCOCK UNIVERSITY ILISHAN REMO OGUN STATE PROJECT PROPOSAL IN PARTIAL fulfillment OF THE line of credit SOFTWARE ENGINEERING COMPUTER SCIENCE ON HOTEL watchfulness musical arrangement GROUP 8 PROJECT MEMBERS 1. XXXXXXX 2. XXXXXXXXXXX 3. XXXXXXXXXXXX 4. XXXXXXXXXX 5. OBRUTSE ONAJITE 09/1635 6. OKOROSOBO TEMITOPE 7. OLAJIDE SEGUN 8. XXXXXXXXXX 9. XXXXXXXX 10. XXXXXXXXXX PROJECT MANAGER MRS AYITE 1. unveiling A. downplay Online Alumni System An Alumni Management System is a organisation that helps in retention the records of the knightly pupils in which that it hind end be sorted by the category or by their study.Alumni management schema is implemented in various schools rough the globe, so it send word help the scholar to get unneurotic when there is the need to get unitedly, whitethornbe for a get toge ther dinner and so on. B. SCOPE /OVERVIEW The Online alumni organisation is knowing to maintain the details of the other(prenominal) student, so when the school wants to check the year a student graduate for some unforeseen circumstances. Using this confound, the administrator depicts each knightly student into the directory and gives them their username and password so they tolerate login and update their profile. The Alumni Management System provides following features. Members Directory * Online photo gallery * Comment posting facility C. assertion OF hassle The aim of the package program is to larn a software that helps the university to dungeon profound record of their old students, in order to refer to them when necessary, sluice on occasions where they want to take a crap a year check for the graduating class or something. D. PROJECT OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVE The central disapproveive of this roam is to provide facility for record dust for the university commi ttee. In previous brass (i. e. manual System), the student has to queue up to register his/her name in the alumni register on paper.Database Management System and DataThis was the fully time consuming, high-ticket(prenominal) etc. Through this merchandise, he can update his database whitethornbe when he is marital and he wants to change his status to married and so on. 2. dust analytic thinking System compend is the process of gathering and interpreting facts, name occupations and using the facts to improve the dodge. System digest specifies what the system should do. A system is a set of components that interact to accomplish some purpose. * recogniseing the drawback of the quick system * see the need for conversion * Perform feasibleness instruction * Identify hardware, software and database requirements Create a system definition that forms the foundation for incidental wreak A. SYSTEM cartoon Overview of the Existing System In the existing system user can face s o more than(prenominal) problems. They urinate to stem so much time for the registering. This is the time consuming task. sometimes user is very tired whence they face the so much problem. sometimes user feel the laziness, this is also failure for the existing system. B. feasibility STUDY The feasibility of a draw can be as reasonitativeed in legal injury of practiced factors, sparing factors, or twain. A feasibility study is documented with a report showing all the ramifications of the jut out. practiced feasibility Technical feasibility refers to the ability of the process to take advantage of the veritable pronounce of the engine elbow room in pursuing further improvement. The technical electrical capacity of the personnel office as well as the capability of the available technology should be reckoned. Technology transfer between geographical areas and cultures needs to be study to understand harvest-feastivity loss (or gain) delinquent to differences (s ee heathen feasibility). Since we are using PHP 5, tom turkey 6. 0 and so on technically our fancy is feasible. scotch FeasibilityThis involves the feasibility of the proposed jut to generate economic benefits. A benefit-cost analysis and a breakeven analysis are important aspects of evaluating the economic feasibility of newlyly industrial projects. The tangible and intangible aspects of a project should be translated into economic terms to facilitate a consistent basis for evaluation. Cultural Feasibility Cultural feasibility deals with the compatibility of the proposed project with the heathenish setup of the project environment. In effortful projects, planned functions must be integrated with the local cultural practices and beliefs.For example, sacred beliefs whitethorn influence what an individual is willing to do or not do. Social Feasibility Social feasibility addresses the influences that a proposed project may lease on the social system in the project environm ent. The close social structure may be such that trustworthy categories of feeders may be in short supply or nonexistent. The matter of the jut on the social status of the project participants must be assessed to chink compatibility. It should be recognized that workers in certain industries may own certain status symbols within the society. Scope of Feasibility analytic thinkingIn general terms, the elements of a feasibility analysis for a project should cover the following I. get analytic thinking This indicates recognition of a need for the project. The need may walk out the bodily composition itself, another organization, the public, or the government. A preliminary study is then conducted to realize and evaluate the need. A proposal of how the need may be satisfactory is then made. Relevant questions that should be asked include * Is the need earthshaking copious to justify the proposed project? * Will the need still exist by the time the project is completed? * What are the alternate meaning of congenial the need? What are the economic, social, environmental, and political impacts of the need? II. Process manoeuvre This is the preliminary analysis done to determine what will be required to avenge the need. The work may be arrangeed by a advisor who is an smart in the project field. The preliminary study often involves system models or prototypes. For technology- orientated projects, artists conception and scaled-down models may be use for illustrating the general characteristics of a process. A simulation of the proposed system can be carried out to hazard the proceeds before the actual project starts. ternion. Engineering & DesignThis involves a minute technical study of the proposed project. Written quotations are obtained from suppliers and subcontractors as needed. Technology capabilities are evaluated as needed. Product stick out, if needed, should be done at this time. IV. Cost bode This involves estimating project cos t to an acceptable level of accuracy. Levels of around -5% to +15% are super acid at this level of a project plan. Both the initial and operational costs are included in the cost estimation. Estimates of bang-up investiture and of recurring and nonrecurring costs should also be contained in the cost try document.Sensitivity analysis can be carried out on the estimated cost value to see how sensitive the project plan is to the estimated cost values. V. monetary Analysis This involves an analysis of the exchange attend profile of the project. The analysis should consider pass judgment of return, inflation, sources of capital, payback periods, breakeven point, residual values, and sensitivity. This is a critical analysis since it determines whether or not and when funds will be available to the project. The project cash flow profile helps to support the economic and financial feasibility of the project. VI. go steady ImpactsThis mess of the feasibility study provides an asse ssment of the impact on the proposed project. Environmental, social, cultural, political, and economic impacts may be some of the factors that will determine how a project is perceived by the public. The value added potential of the project should also be assessed. A value added tax may be assessed based on the price of a product and the cost of the raw material used in making the product. The tax so collected may be viewed as a contri providedion to government coffers. Conclusions and Recommendations The feasibility study should end with the overall outcome of the project analysis.This may indicate an endorsement or condemnation of the project. Recommendations on what should be done should be included in this section of the feasibility report. 3. SYSTEM DESIGN System design provides the taste and adjective details necessary for implementing the system recommended in the system study. speech pattern is on translating the performance requirements into design specifications. The d esign stage is a pitch contour from a user oriented document (System proposal) to a documented oriented to the programmers or database personnel. A. GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION I.Entity Relationship Diagram It is clear that the physical objects from the previous section the administrator, rooms, customer all correspond to entities in the Entity-Relationship model, and the operations to be done on those entities. Date of parturition Date of Birth perk up SEX NAME NAME Student Student tele give-up the ghost e-mail Address Address IS A IS A grad Alumnus IS A IS A GRADUATION YEAR GRADUATION YEAR grade disciple GRADUATE STUDENT POSTGRADUATE POSTGRADUATE personal line of credit COURSE level PROGRAMME DEGREE PROGRAMME COMPUTING TOOLS A. METHODOLOGIES B. PROGRAMMING local area networkGUAGES TOOLS utilize FOR underdeveloped Language - PHPDatabase - My SQL Web server - APACHE TOMCAT 6. 0 IDE - NETBEANS computer scheduling lyric poem choice affects the productiveness and code calibre in several(prenominal) fashions. Programmers workings with high level language carry through better productivity and quality than those working with low level language, because former is more high-priced in nature. We have used hypertext markup language, PHP handing languages for the cryptanalytics as we have to make the software and these languages provide great compatibility and flexibility. Overview of computer programming Languages Overview of PHP The PHP technology will be used to port HTML.The PHP technology provides a seam little lodge and presents an lenient to use, PHP- analogous computer programing constructs that can be record booked within HTML files. Hypertext preprocessor is a technology for developing tissue pages that include dynamic content. A PHP page contains standard markup language elements, such as HTML tags, just like a regular mesh page. A PHP page also contains supernumerary PHP elements that renounce the emcee to insert dynamic content in the web page. ADVANTAGES OF PHP 1. PHP supports both scripting and element-based dynamic content. 2. Allows developing custom tag libraries. . PHP pages are precompiled for cost-efficient legion processing. 4. PHP pages can be used in combination with servlets that comprehend the business logic. 5. High security department. . 6. High Quality tool supports. 7. Write Once, hap Everywhere. 8. PHP is vender Neutral Overview of coffee bean Script coffee bean script is a general purpose, prototype based, object oriented scripting language developed jointly by sun and Netscape and is meant for the WWW. coffee tree script borrows close of its syntax from deep brown moreover also inherits from awk and perl, with some indirect influence from self in its object prototype system.Java Script is almost as easy to scam as HTML and it can be included directly in HTML documents. Java Script was developed independently of java. Java script is a high level scripting language that does no t depend on or expose particular machine representations or operating system services. FEATURES OF coffee bean SCRIPT Java script is embedded into HTML documents and is execute with in them. Java script is browser dependent. JavaScript is an interpreted language that can be interpreted by the browser at run time. Java script is loosely typed language. Java script is an object-based language.Java script is an Event-Driven language and supports point handlers to specify the functionality of a besideston. The Struts framework provides the flexibility to develop the much less conjugate applications. It generalizes and strictly implements MVC-model View Controller Architecture. That is the basic need of our architecture. Overview of Apache tom Apache tom is a servlet container developed by the Apache Software Foundation (ASF). Tomcat implements the Java Servlet and the Java Server Pages (JSP) specifications from Sun Microsystems, and provides a pure Java HTTP web server environment for Java code to run.Tomcat should not be heterogeneous with the Apache web server, which is a C implementation of an HTTP web server these two web servers are not bundled together. Apache Tomcat includes tools for mannequin and management, but can also be configured by editing XML configuration files. Overview of MySQL MySQL is a multithreaded, multi-user SQL database management system (DBMS) which has, according to MySQL AB, more than 10 one thousand thousand installations. MySQL is own and sponsored by a single for-profit firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, which holds the procure to most codebase. Libraries for ccessing MySQL databases are available in all major programming languages with language-specific APIs. In addition, an ODBC larboard called MyODBC allows additional programming languages that support the ODBC interface to communicate with a MySQL database, such as ASP or ColdFusion. The MySQL server and official libraries are mostly implemented in ANSI C. C. PLATFORM I. HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS central processing unit Pentium III or higher RAM 128 MB or more(prenominal) clayey Disk 20 GB or More Modem 56KBPS / LAN government note II. SOFTWARE SPECIFICATIONS Operating System Windows XP, VISTA 7. Web Server ApacheFront intercept JSP Back End MySQL Scripts JavaScript Language JAVA III. User interface Requirements The user of the proposed system requires that the developed software should be user affectionate, have hostage access, and ensure the privacy of the administrator and produce results in seasonable manner. The users are not frequently exposed to the on-line hotel management, so the system interface to the user must be simple and understandable. The web pages must be user-friendly and must be in an easy-to-use style. The user must be able to tardily switch among various I/O screens.The product is well intentional so that it can be used soft by layman and also the users who are novices to the system. The system should be designed in such a way that only classic users should be allowed to login to the system. The user interface should be as interactive as possible. A user-friendly interface must be provided so that the user can easily interact with the system and comprehend things in a quick and easier way. The system must provide reliable and up-to-date information. The application should be efficient so that the user does not spend much time in training.Consistency will increase the confidence of the user in the reliability of the application. The user must be limited with a weakened set of operations to achieve the result. The application should be visually and conceptually clear. The interface should accommodate user mistakes easily and fast. It should minimize the errors and should handle them peacefully. IV. Database Requirements The database should be designed in such a way that it enhances the efficient storage, recuperation and habit of all the information associated. For instance all general info rmation regarding an spot attribute should be stored in a particular table.The concerned users should have the facility to query to the database and supply the basic information easily. Security mechanisms should be provided so that no confidential details should be tender to self-appointed persons. The database should be organized in such a way that it helps in preparing various essential summaries needed for users. V. Functional Requirements The various functional requirements of the system can be summarized as 1. A home page that is user friendly and ambiguous. 2. decision maker Login Facility 3. Links to other connect sites. 4.Ability of Administrator to perform any tasks which you can see in my snapshots (below) and in my run project. 5. A login page for alumnus to create a new user if not registered VI. Non-Functional Requirements Non-functional requirements define the system congruousties and constraints that arise through user needs, because of the budgeted constrain ts or organizational policies, or because of the need for interoperability with other software or due to the external factors such as safety regulations privacy registrations and so on. VII. Other Requirements and ConstraintsPerformance Requirements * The database should be centralized and secure. * The system should be user friendly and easily accessible * The system must be reliable. Design Requirements The main objectives of stimulus design are * Controlling the amount of input * guardianship the process simple, avoiding errors. * The best thing in the input design is to achieve all the objectives mentioned in the simplest manner possible. The main objectives of output design are * Identifying the specific outputs. * Creating reports for displaying and storing information. 4. MILESTONES A.TIMELINES I. DISTRIBUTION OF deputeS AND SUBTASKS II. TEAM MEMBERS RESPONSIBILITIES Each project member has been given a role to perform which will make the project work go smoothly. III. PROPOSED TIMEFRAME FOR EACH TASK AS ASSIGNED B. DEADLINES FOR EACH TASK AND MODULES C. PROPOSED due(p) DATE 5. POSSIBLE TEST CASES AND PLANS 6. LIMITATIONS The Hotel Management System can be used for any organization that may require elaborated information at one time or the other. This application covers a comparatively large scope more than is highlighted in this project work.There is incessantly room for improvement depending on the intending area of application. For the purpose of this project, however, we will use Arzu Hotels as a set case. The limitations of this project are * Unavailability of fitted time due to tight academic schedule. * Lack of internet connection to perform necessary research Despite these limitations, we will be able to design a functional Hotel Management System. 7. CONCLUSION From a proper analysis of positive points and constraints on the component, it can be safely reason out that the product is a highly efficient GUI based component.Thi s application is working properly and meeting to all user requirements. This component can be easily plugged in more other systems. 8. attachment I. Programming Programming is not only a creative activity but also an intellectually rigorous discipline. It is the part where the design is genuinely translated into the machine readable form which is called program. II. Programming Principles The main activity of coding phase is to translate design into code. If we translate the structure of the design properly, we will have structured programs. A structured program doesnt just relegate.It is the end product of series of efforts that try to understand the problem and develop a structured, understandable solution plan. It is all impossible to economise a good structured program based on uncrystallized measly design . The coding phase affects both testing and maintenance , profoundly the time spent in coding is small parting of the total software cost, while testing and maintenan ce consume the major section . The goal of coding phase is not to simplify the job of the inspector and maintainer. III. Programming style A well written program is more easily read and understood both by the author and by others who work that program.A good Programming style is characterized by the following * chasteness * Readability * Good documentation * Changeability * Predictability * Good structure IV. plectrum of Coding Language All the programs coded should be based on a standard which can tend to the needs of all readers, i. e. it should provide full point of predictability in programs of a common type. There are many aspects to what the programs must do so to enable the different users to comfortably work on it. For example the program should * Be corrective of the solution * choose uttermost speed of execution * Be comprehensive and east to maintainDatabase Management SystemBABCOCK UNIVERSITY ILISHAN REMO OGUN STATE PROJECT PROPOSAL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE COURSE SOFTWARE ENGINEERING COMPUTER SCIENCE ON HOTEL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM GROUP 8 PROJECT MEMBERS 1. XXXXXXX 2. XXXXXXXXXXX 3. XXXXXXXXXXXX 4. XXXXXXXXXX 5. OBRUTSE ONAJITE 09/1635 6. OKOROSOBO TEMITOPE 7. OLAJIDE SEGUN 8. XXXXXXXXXX 9. XXXXXXXX 10. XXXXXXXXXX PROJECT MANAGER MRS AYITE 1. INTRODUCTION A. BACKGROUND Online Alumni System An Alumni Management System is a system that helps in keeping the records of the past students in which that it can be sorted by the year or by their major.Alumni management system is implemented in various schools around the globe, so it can help the student to get together when there is the need to get together, maybe for a get together Dinner and so on. B. SCOPE /OVERVIEW The Online alumni system is designed to maintain the details of the past student, so when the school wants to check the year a student graduated for some unforeseen circumstances. Using this project, the administrator registers each past student into the directory and gives them the ir username and password so they can login and update their profile. The Alumni Management System provides following features. Members Directory * Online photo gallery * Comment posting facility C. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The aim of the software is to develop a software that helps the university to keep good record of their old students, in order to refer to them when necessary, even on occasions where they want to make a year book for the graduating class or something. D. PROJECT OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVE The central objective of this project is to provide facility for record system for the university committee. In previous system (i. e. Manual System), the student has to queue up to register his/her name in the alumni register on paper.Database Management System and DataThis was the fully time consuming, expensive etc. Through this product, he can update his database maybe when he is married and he wants to change his status to married and so on. 2. SYSTEM ANALYSIS System analysis is the process of gathering and interpreting facts, diagnosing problems and using the facts to improve the system. System analysis specifies what the system should do. A system is a set of components that interact to accomplish some purpose. * Identifying the drawback of the existing system * Identify the need for conversion * Perform feasibility study * Identify hardware, software and database requirements Create a system definition that forms the foundation for subsequent work A. SYSTEM STUDY Overview of the Existing System In the existing system user can face so much problems. They have to waist so much time for the registering. This is the time consuming task. Sometimes user is very tired then they face the so much problem. Sometimes user feel the laziness, this is also failure for the existing system. B. FEASIBILITY STUDY The feasibility of a project can be find out in terms of technical factors, economic factors, or both. A feasibility study is documented with a report showing all t he ramifications of the project.Technical Feasibility Technical feasibility refers to the ability of the process to take advantage of the current state of the technology in pursuing further improvement. The technical capability of the personnel as well as the capability of the available technology should be considered. Technology transfer between geographical areas and cultures needs to be analyzed to understand productivity loss (or gain) due to differences (see Cultural Feasibility). Since we are using PHP 5, Tomcat 6. 0 and so on technically our project is feasible. Economic FeasibilityThis involves the feasibility of the proposed project to generate economic benefits. A benefit-cost analysis and a breakeven analysis are important aspects of evaluating the economic feasibility of new industrial projects. The tangible and intangible aspects of a project should be translated into economic terms to facilitate a consistent basis for evaluation. Cultural Feasibility Cultural feasibili ty deals with the compatibility of the proposed project with the cultural setup of the project environment. In labor-intensive projects, planned functions must be integrated with the local cultural practices and beliefs.For example, religious beliefs may influence what an individual is willing to do or not do. Social Feasibility Social feasibility addresses the influences that a proposed project may have on the social system in the project environment. The ambient social structure may be such that certain categories of workers may be in short supply or nonexistent. The effect of the Project on the social status of the project participants must be assessed to ensure compatibility. It should be recognized that workers in certain industries may have certain status symbols within the society. Scope of Feasibility AnalysisIn general terms, the elements of a feasibility analysis for a project should cover the following I. Need Analysis This indicates recognition of a need for the project. The need may affect the organization itself, another organization, the public, or the government. A preliminary study is then conducted to confirm and evaluate the need. A proposal of how the need may be satisfied is then made. Relevant questions that should be asked include * Is the need significant enough to justify the proposed project? * Will the need still exist by the time the project is completed? * What are the alternate means of satisfying the need? What are the economic, social, environmental, and political impacts of the need? II. Process Work This is the preliminary analysis done to determine what will be required to satisfy the need. The work may be performed by a consultant who is an expert in the project field. The preliminary study often involves system models or prototypes. For technology-oriented projects, artists conception and scaled-down models may be used for illustrating the general characteristics of a process. A simulation of the proposed system can be carr ied out to predict the outcome before the actual project starts. III. Engineering & DesignThis involves a detailed technical study of the proposed project. Written quotations are obtained from suppliers and subcontractors as needed. Technology capabilities are evaluated as needed. Product design, if needed, should be done at this time. IV. Cost Estimate This involves estimating project cost to an acceptable level of accuracy. Levels of around -5% to +15% are common at this level of a project plan. Both the initial and operating costs are included in the cost estimation. Estimates of capital investment and of recurring and nonrecurring costs should also be contained in the cost estimate document.Sensitivity analysis can be carried out on the estimated cost values to see how sensitive the project plan is to the estimated cost values. V. Financial Analysis This involves an analysis of the cash flow profile of the project. The analysis should consider rates of return, inflation, sources of capital, payback periods, breakeven point, residual values, and sensitivity. This is a critical analysis since it determines whether or not and when funds will be available to the project. The project cash flow profile helps to support the economic and financial feasibility of the project. VI. Project ImpactsThis portion of the feasibility study provides an assessment of the impact on the proposed project. Environmental, social, cultural, political, and economic impacts may be some of the factors that will determine how a project is perceived by the public. The value added potential of the project should also be assessed. A value added tax may be assessed based on the price of a product and the cost of the raw material used in making the product. The tax so collected may be viewed as a contribution to government coffers. Conclusions and Recommendations The feasibility study should end with the overall outcome of the project analysis.This may indicate an endorsement or disapprova l of the project. Recommendations on what should be done should be included in this section of the feasibility report. 3. SYSTEM DESIGN System design provides the understanding and procedural details necessary for implementing the system recommended in the system study. Emphasis is on translating the performance requirements into design specifications. The design phase is a transition from a user oriented document (System proposal) to a documented oriented to the programmers or database personnel. A. GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION I.Entity Relationship Diagram It is clear that the physical objects from the previous section the administrator, rooms, customer all correspond to entities in the Entity-Relationship model, and the operations to be done on those entities. Date of Birth Date of Birth SEX SEX NAME NAME Student Student Email Email Address Address IS A IS A Alumnus Alumnus IS A IS A GRADUATION YEAR GRADUATION YEAR GRADUATE STUDENT GRADUATE STUDENT POSTGRADUATE POSTGRADUATE COURSE C OURSE DEGREE PROGRAMME DEGREE PROGRAMME COMPUTING TOOLS A. METHODOLOGIES B. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES TOOLS USED FOR DEVELOPING Language - PHPDatabase - My SQL Web Server - APACHE TOMCAT 6. 0 IDE - NETBEANS Programming language choice affects the productivity and code quality in several ways. Programmers working with high level language achieve better productivity and quality than those working with low level language, because former is more expensive in nature. We have used HTML, PHP scripting languages for the coding as we have to make the software and these languages provide great compatibility and flexibility. Overview of Programming Languages Overview of PHP The PHP technology will be used to interface HTML.The PHP technology provides a seamless connection and presents an easy to use, PHP-like programming constructs that can be scripted within HTML files. Hypertext preprocessor is a technology for developing web pages that include dynamic content. A PHP page contains standard marku p language elements, such as HTML tags, just like a regular web page. A PHP page also contains special PHP elements that allow the server to insert dynamic content in the web page. ADVANTAGES OF PHP 1. PHP supports both scripting and element-based dynamic content. 2. Allows developing custom tag libraries. . PHP pages are precompiled for efficient server processing. 4. PHP pages can be used in combination with servlets that handle the business logic. 5. High Security. . 6. High Quality tool supports. 7. Write Once, Run Everywhere. 8. PHP is vender Neutral Overview of Java Script Java script is a general purpose, prototype based, object oriented scripting language developed jointly by sun and Netscape and is meant for the WWW. Java script borrows most of its syntax from java but also inherits from awk and perl, with some indirect influence from self in its object prototype system.Java Script is almost as easy to learn as HTML and it can be included directly in HTML documents. Java Sc ript was developed independently of java. Java script is a high level scripting language that does not depend on or expose particular machine representations or operating system services. FEATURES OF JAVA SCRIPT Java script is embedded into HTML documents and is executed with in them. Java script is browser dependent. JavaScript is an interpreted language that can be interpreted by the browser at run time. Java script is loosely typed language. Java script is an object-based language.Java script is an Event-Driven language and supports event handlers to specify the functionality of a button. The Struts framework provides the flexibility to develop the much less coupled applications. It generalizes and strictly implements MVC-model View Controller Architecture. That is the basic need of our architecture. Overview of Apache Tomcat Apache Tomcat is a servlet container developed by the Apache Software Foundation (ASF). Tomcat implements the Java Servlet and the Java Server Pages (JSP) s pecifications from Sun Microsystems, and provides a pure Java HTTP web server environment for Java code to run.Tomcat should not be confused with the Apache web server, which is a C implementation of an HTTP web server these two web servers are not bundled together. Apache Tomcat includes tools for configuration and management, but can also be configured by editing XML configuration files. Overview of MySQL MySQL is a multithreaded, multi-user SQL database management system (DBMS) which has, according to MySQL AB, more than 10 million installations. MySQL is owned and sponsored by a single for-profit firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, which holds the copyright to most codebase. Libraries for ccessing MySQL databases are available in all major programming languages with language-specific APIs. In addition, an ODBC interface called MyODBC allows additional programming languages that support the ODBC interface to communicate with a MySQL database, such as ASP or ColdFusion. The MySQL server and official libraries are mostly implemented in ANSI C. C. PLATFORM I. HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS Processor Pentium III or higher RAM 128 MB or More Hard Disk 20 GB or More Modem 56KBPS / LAN Card II. SOFTWARE SPECIFICATIONS Operating System Windows XP, VISTA 7. Web Server ApacheFront End JSP Back End MySQL Scripts JavaScript Language JAVA III. User Interface Requirements The user of the proposed system requires that the developed software should be user friendly, have security access, and ensure the privacy of the administrator and produce results in timely manner. The users are not frequently exposed to the on-line hotel management, so the system interface to the user must be simple and understandable. The web pages must be user-friendly and must be in an easy-to-use style. The user must be able to easily switch among various I/O screens.The product is well designed so that it can be used easily by layman and also the users who are novices to the system. The system should be designed in such a way that only authorized users should be allowed to login to the system. The user interface should be as interactive as possible. A user-friendly interface must be provided so that the user can easily interact with the system and comprehend things in a quicker and easier way. The system must provide reliable and up-to-date information. The application should be efficient so that the user does not spend much time in training.Consistency will increase the confidence of the user in the reliability of the application. The user must be limited with a small set of operations to achieve the result. The application should be visually and conceptually clear. The interface should accommodate user mistakes easily and fast. It should minimize the errors and should handle them peacefully. IV. Database Requirements The database should be designed in such a way that it enhances the efficient storage, retrieval and manipulation of all the information associated. For instance all general information regarding an item attribute should be stored in a particular table.The concerned users should have the facility to query to the database and supply the basic information easily. Security mechanisms should be provided so that no confidential details should be accessible to unauthorized persons. The database should be organized in such a way that it helps in preparing various essential summaries needed for users. V. Functional Requirements The various functional requirements of the system can be summarized as 1. A home page that is user friendly and ambiguous. 2. Administrator Login Facility 3. Links to other related sites. 4.Ability of Administrator to perform any tasks which you can see in my snapshots (below) and in my running project. 5. A login page for alumnus to create a new user if not registered VI. Non-Functional Requirements Non-functional requirements define the system properties and constraints that arise through user needs, because of the budgeted con straints or organizational policies, or because of the need for interoperability with other software or due to the external factors such as safety regulations privacy registrations and so on. VII. Other Requirements and ConstraintsPerformance Requirements * The database should be centralized and secure. * The system should be user friendly and easily accessible * The system must be reliable. Design Requirements The main objectives of input design are * Controlling the amount of input * Keeping the process simple, avoiding errors. * The best thing in the input design is to achieve all the objectives mentioned in the simplest manner possible. The main objectives of output design are * Identifying the specific outputs. * Creating reports for displaying and storing information. 4. MILESTONES A.TIMELINES I. DISTRIBUTION OF TASKS AND SUBTASKS II. TEAM MEMBERS RESPONSIBILITIES Each project member has been given a role to perform which will make the project work go smoothly. III . PROPOSED TIMEFRAME FOR EACH TASK AS ASSIGNED B. DEADLINES FOR EACH TASK AND MODULES C. PROPOSED DUE DATE 5. POSSIBLE TEST CASES AND PLANS 6. LIMITATIONS The Hotel Management System can be used for any organization that may require detailed information at one time or the other. This application covers a relatively large scope more than is highlighted in this project work.There is always room for improvement depending on the intending area of application. For the purpose of this project, however, we will use Arzu Hotels as a set case. The limitations of this project are * Unavailability of sufficient time due to tight academic schedule. * Lack of internet connection to perform necessary research Despite these limitations, we will be able to design a functional Hotel Management System. 7. CONCLUSION From a proper analysis of positive points and constraints on the component, it can be safely concluded that the product is a highly efficient GUI based component.This application is worki ng properly and meeting to all user requirements. This component can be easily plugged in many other systems. 8. APPENDIX I. Programming Programming is not only a creative activity but also an intellectually rigorous discipline. It is the part where the design is actually translated into the machine readable form which is called program. II. Programming Principles The main activity of coding phase is to translate design into code. If we translate the structure of the design properly, we will have structured programs. A structured program doesnt just happen.It is the end product of series of efforts that try to understand the problem and develop a structured, understandable solution plan. It is all impossible to write a good structured program based on unstructured poor design . The coding phase affects both testing and maintenance , profoundly the time spent in coding is small percentage of the total software cost, while testing and maintenance consume the major percentage . The goa l of coding phase is not to simplify the job of the tester and maintainer. III. Programming style A well written program is more easily read and understood both by the author and by others who work that program.A good Programming style is characterized by the following * Simplicity * Readability * Good documentation * Changeability * Predictability * Good Structure IV. Selection of Coding Language All the programs coded should be based on a standard which can tend to the needs of all readers, i. e. it should provide degree of predictability in programs of a common type. There are many aspects to what the programs must do so to enable the different users to comfortably work on it. For example the program should * Be corrective of the solution * Have maximum speed of execution * Be comprehensive and east to maintain