Change Resistance In Bureaucratic Organizations In Jordan Management Essay

motley enemy In Bureaucratic Organizations In Jordan itinerary EssayA method of appraising managerial employees that has received a great deal of attention in juvenile old age is 360-degree appraisal ( too known as multi-rater feedback), whereby rating be devoted non just by the next manager up in the organisational hierarchy, save as well by peers and subordinates. Appropriate customer ratings argon overly include, on with an element of self-appraisal. Once gathered in, the assessment from the various quarters argon compargond with one another and the result communicated to the manager concerned. The idea itself is nothing spic-and-span. Management writers, particularly in the join States, have long advocated the use of upwards and peer appraisal as a means of evaluating heed performance., scarcely such views have taken a good deal of quantify to become generally acceptable. The past few geezerhood have seen the proceeds of the major studies of practice in thi s area, allowing us to r severally judgement roughly(prenominal) the executees twisty on the basis of solid evidence. Redman (2001, p65) quotes surveys that show around 40 per cent of major UK companies use it, and 75 per cent of companies in the United States. However, usage in smaller organisation appears to be little(prenominal) common. The recent CIPD survey into performance management practices constitute that lone(prenominal) 14 per cent of respondents locked in organisation that used 360 degree wooes (Armstrong and Baron 2005, p65). motley Resistance in Bureaucratic Organizations in JordanIn this case writer tries to say why employees resist to accept something impertinently introduced to them, Khassawneh (2005) highlights the reasons and causes behind employees resistance to administrative and hierarchal sort in several bureaucratic brass instruments in Jordan. there were el so far constituents, were set as being major causes of channel resistance in burea ucratic agencies. These portions include inadequate financial and non-financial incentives offered to government employees, overlook of employees engagement and stake in the mixed bag make, distrust between employees and high management, expectation of more control and supervision from higher(prenominal) management, expectation of redundant air demands and invitements, comfort with status quo, disruption of stable work standards and genial relations, miss of goal clarity, deficiency of employees conviction in the goals of mixture, idolise of loosing job and/or job prerogatives, and the sudden and confused manner in which transmute is introduced (Khassawneh, 2005)According to Khassawneh (2005) the most significant reason of resistance to transplant was found out to be lack of employees participation in the change process. This factor was assessed on the basis of two parameters seniority in organization and matter of develop courses melodic themeed by employees . Senior employees who were part of the organization for quint years or less resisted strongly due to lack of participation in the change process than their seniors who had served in the organization for periods ranging from 6-20 years. Employees who had served for five years or less in such government institutions do up 32% of the sample (133 respondents). These individuals were involved in activities concerning of an executive nature and whence played a significant role in the running of the bureaucratic organizations.Employees who had not attended any training program felt that lack of involvement led to resistance to adopt to new processes/ bodys. Therefore this carriage goes to show what an important role the training programmes play, boosting employee morale and involvement as training enables individuals to discover their strengths and weaknesses and also instill in them a nose out of belonging in their organization. Therefore the respondents who did not contract an op portunity to enroll in any training programs claimed to have low sense of involvement with the organization treated the management with greater suspicion, than those who took part in received training programmes for their life development.Another major cause of resistance to change was as found out by Khassawneh (2005) was lack of proper incentives. This lack of proper incentives was correlated to five of background characteristics of respondents which were namely seniority, administrative rank, offspring of training programs attended, age and level of education (Khassawneh, 2005). Younger, low level be employees resisted more due to lack of proper incentives. Employees who have served for longer periods of cartridge clip tend to receive greater incentives as the longer they remain in a government organization.Resistance to adopt a new system also came some when the employees viewed the management with suspicion and distrust (Khassawneh, 2005). Younger employees works at a lo w level position who did not get adequate decision making authority or those who did not attend enough training programs were mainly the individuals who highly resisted any sort of impudently introduced change.Khassawneh (2005) states that if such low ranking employees are also not given enough information regarding the change process, then such employees would always hit issues in the organization.The IBM Making Change Work Global StudyIBMs (2008) look for department addressed the issues as to why most organizations cannot bring about a change successfully in an organization. IBMs interrogation was conducted using a sample size of more than 1,500 underlying practitioners through surveys and detailed interviews. The mark of the research was to find out why implementing a change program was met with resistance by the employees and why the program failed to be implemented in most organizations successfully.The remove revealed that 44% the projects failed to be comp permited on deadlines, or within budget or without decided quality of end goals, charm 15 percent either ceased or failed to meet any of the objectives. The reasons cited for these failures throw away from lack of clarity of goals, failure to execute the project successfully from the emplacement of the top management and lack of employee involvement, age factor, educational level and fear of new change from the perspective of the employees.The major challenges to change were divided on two parameters soft factors and grave factors. The soft factors of resistance to change included changing mindsets and attitudes, corporate culture, complex nature of the change process, lack of fealty from the side of upper level management, and deficiency of want of employees involved. fleck the sticky factors of resistance to change included shortage of resources, lack of change information, not much transparency because of incomplete or unreliable information, change of process change of IT systems, t echnology barriers. It is was found out from this study that firearm the lumbering factors play an important part in hindering the process of change, amazingly it was the soft factors that was harder to get right. Altering thinking, behaviours and norms of an entity typically withdraw different methods and skills that are applied time after time and over the time. Sometimes they require being applied over a series of consecutive assignments and even some of them often continue after the project has been finished formally. (IBM, 2008).In order to overcome these resistances, the study then focused on the parameters that made a change successful. While leadership, employee engagement and honest communication were cited as the major areas providing impetus for change again the list was divided into hard and soft factors that made a change process successful. The soft factors comprised of higher managements commitment and musical accompaniment, employee motivation and participation, open and ideal communication on well-timed(a) basis, organization environment and culture that motivates and promotes change. The hard factors included efficient training programs, adjustment of performance measures, efficient organization structure and monetary and non-monetary incentives. The major responsibility of implementing the change was that of the top management. The results of the research revealed that Practitioners firmly place reveal responsibility for the fate of change projects in the executive suite, an overwhelming 92 percent named top management sponsorship as the most important factor for successful change (IBM, 2008).Therefore it can be concluded from this study that while employees would always be suspicious of any kind of change and would resist the efforts of the management out of this fear and suspicion. It depends upon the top management to manipulate timely communication, encouragement of employee involvement and appointing of professional change agent s would pave the way for a successful change processes for any organization.Factors Affecting Resistance to Change A Case Study of Two matrimony Texas Police DepartmentsGaylor (2001), seek to explore the issues that affect conflict with change. For this purpose a law enforcement chest of drawers was chosen as the case in point i.e. two North Texas Police departments where the police consequence of mature education and expectation on the police teams level of opposition to change and the results of contri neverthelession and mutual agreement on reliance were examined.There were 5 factors that were identified as precise influential on organizational change. These factors were1) Employee participation in resistance to change,2) depose in management,3) Communication process,4) Quality of information available and5) Education (Kent, 2001) query resulted that factors that affect resistance from employee side are involvement in the process, intrust in management, processes of commu nication within organization, and exchange of information.The synopsis by Kent (2001) states that employee involvement in the process of change encourages him to notion to be owner for the new system and therefore, boosts the level of comfort and trust between employees and the management. Secondly, the organization involve to have a proper system of communication for employee remedy and support. This also increases the level of trust between the two stakeholders. Third, employees must be provided with accurate and timely information so as to reduce the level of loony bin that is normally created at the time of change in any organization. And finally, to feel secure about their jobs and statuses and other issues of change process, employees have to have a high level of trust in management.Leading and Coping with ChangeWoodword Hendry in 2004 undertook 2 surveys to look at different perspectives in research on how change is being managed in financial services institutions of Lond ons. These involved representatives of senior management personnel who were responsible for initiation of change in the organizational and all other employees inclusive of managers experiencing change while dowery at different levels.The aims of the study wereTo define the skills and attitudes infallible to lead change and those take aimed effectively to cope with change andTo develop a set to show how change is absorbed within the organizationThey organized their findings in five separate as described below, which have been arranged in the following manner. In the 1st section, as people keep on seeking to explore that what is going on in their organization, states what the employees and employers consider as the main pressures for change, their formal boss responses, and in what ways these changes have impacted their careers. Then, as conventional ways of working are tempered, in parts two and three they show how people cope and what different resources are indispensable in t erms of skills and competencies to perform well in this new changed environment.Then in part four they describe specific qualities required by the change managers to cultivate with respect to employee needs. Finally, they state what the organizations do in order to support their employees throughout the change process, and how senior management and employees apprehend this. The results of this research provide the researchers with reasons behind the failure of many initiatives of change process and how failures may be managed successfully.Woodword Hendry (2004) then investigated what various employee coping strategies were adopted during the change process. They told employees to indicate the level of their readiness in responding to any further changes in their job or work. A considerably large fraction of those who were surveyed were seen to be ready for the change and considered it a part of life with a prescribed feel about it.As coping is about creating a sense of balance b etween demands and living within the limitation of the system, employees were told to specify main hindrances they had to finagle with in the new environment.Five factors that were extracted from this exercise wereIncreased accountability but reduced resources.A focus on tasks with a corresponding neglectfulness of employees.Feelings of insecurity and uncertainty in roles and direction.Other employees not coping and lack skills to adapt.Managers themselves failing to cope, and employing poor coping strategies.On a question of most helpful personal coping strategies, employees listed several strategies, which included from proactive approach to denial or avoidance.The researchers also studied the various competencies that are required for coping with the change. Adapting to negative or positive coping strategies is affected by the way in which employees perceive demands and resources balance in the new employee-to-work relationship in changed environment.Hence, coping strategies a re influenced by the availability of resources. Skills and competencies are a major personal resource. Employees specified a number of skills and competencies they found in particular helpful in absorbing and coping with changeCommunicating with others property different perspectives (since nowadays people work in teams for many activities).Organizing work and managing time effectively (in response to increased job scope and the need to meet a variety of objectives).Assimilating and interpreting information (to observe significant information and filter out irrelevancies).Dealing with people (since financial and professional service organizations deliver many of their services through people). advanced problem solving.Also specifying the above mentioned skills, employees rated many other personal abilities, skills and qualities as very important. These include motivation judgment accuracy customer need understanding commercial awareness ability of influencing and negotiation livel y mind and positive attitude towards change.Senior managers were of the view that key personal skills or capabilities of performing well in a dynamic environment should also contain a dedication to change, acceptance of the changing situation, an ability to colloidal gel in the changed environment, and a variety of personality traits.Woodword Hendry (2004) then go on to discuss how important is it to for the change managers to lead change in a competent manner. However, this important part is still overlooked by a considerable minority level, with 33 percent of senior managers claiming that human aspects were snub in the change initiatives. Only 20 percent employees rated the concerned management as very able enough to implement changes in the organization. near all the rest had equally divided responses, ranging from average to poor. In pique of the low rating, employees were observed have a sense of sympathy and admiration for operoseies faced my management in leading and ma naging the change.Employees were inquired as to when and how sometimes it becomes difficult or hard for employees to absorb change or adopt it. These key areas were classified into six categories, as followsCommunicating (not being kept advised, receiving conflict messages, wanting to understand but not being given explanations)The change process itself (when change is perceived as happening too easy or too fast, when leaders are seen to hold unrealistic expectations, or when change is managed with incorrect sequencing)Relationships (including situations when change leaders seem remote and isolate from employees, do not exhibit constructive attitudes and behaviours, or behave in an autocratic fashion)Consultation (when employees do not feel they are informed or consulted, and when staff needs and ideas are disregarded)Skills and experience (when change leaders are seen as lacking the required skills, abilities and experience, and when the change leader lacks credibility) motivat ing for change (when there appears a lack of involvement or motivation for change at the top, or among senior managers elsewhere in the organization).The employees were also inquired about how managers, actions could be was most helpful to them to cope with changes in the organization. place of 19 objects gathered from the traditional change management literature, each except one was rated very helpful or quite helpful. Senior managers identified the competencies such as strong leadership, purpose/mission clarity, enthusiasm, participative employees, and better communication. These were someways similar with then ones identified by the employees.Again this is not applicable to conventional behaviours and with top-down attitude.Finally, employees were told to express their feelings on the extent they received support while the implementation of change in the organization with the statement employees are provided with adequate problem prevention and support to cope with organization changes. While a majority of the senior management staff agreed with this statement, less than 25 percent of employees did. There is, therefore, a gap in how each looks at the quantity of support provided. For example, a majority of employees said that their employer entity let them have sufficient authority to get their work done in an effective manner, and hence, there existed better professional relationships but for other factors, only a minority reported availability of support. On the other hand, the most common mechanisms of support that senior managers report included detailed career development counseling with their employees so that they could be skilled enough to be ready their new job responsibilities skills enhancement telling them as to where the organization is heading, and what would be the roles and responsibilities of employees measures to make sure that there is an alignment between structures and systems and improved salary and perks packages through career manag ement programmes.Comparing this with what employees report, Woodword Hendry (2004) state that employees and managers do agree on some of the important points, but show noise on how adequately the provision of these is.Managers also rely on comparatively few major sources of support. Eventually, organization employees emphasize more or less entirely on those things that give them a sense of control and autonomy, while managers rely on the things which they control as managers. This then continues in the variant where senior managers exhibit a traditional leadership model, while employees be able to get a wide variety of behaviours that are multipurpose for them.

Understanding Cultural Diversity In Humans Sociology Essay

sagaciousness pagan Diversity In Humans Sociology EssayThe trey branches of gentle sciences (Social sciences), Sociology, Anthropology and Psychology be interlinked in that they try to describe the various beas of man life and their relationships to each opposite. They offer an explanation on gentleman style and in the parliamentary procedure they live. Furtherto a greater extent, these friendly sciences leave essential skills in analyzing the intentions and air of individuals and groups they encounter. Individual identity is forged by ones finish, groups, and by institutional influences. Institutions such(prenominal) as families, schools and even churches greatly influence clement beings yet these institutions be merely organizations whose aim is to develop the core kindly values of its constituents.In discussing pagan multifariousness on the views of the collar affable sciences there is a need to understand the difference between refinement and society. T his is because the either the three enlightens explore elaboration and society to understand human demeanor in depth. The term socialisation has many different meanings, for some it is the appreciation of art, literature, melody and food, while for others homogeneous biologists they take it as a colony of microorganisms evolution in a nutrient medium in a laboratory. in time for companionable scientists, horti finale is the full range of knowing human behavior patterns. Cultures argon traditions and customs, transmitted through with(predicate) education and adaptations. Children obtain such traditions by growing up in a certain society, through a process c every(prenominal)ed enculturation. A finishing results into a degree of uniformity in behavior and thought among the inhabitants of a particular society (Baugher et. al, 2000, p. 4). The terms last and society atomic number 18 different as cultures be considered to be multiplexes of learned behavior patterns and cognitions while society is a group of interacting organisms. so this root word will critically analyze cultural diversity based on the three brotherly sciences, evaluating the social sciences similarities and differences.DiscussionAnthropological perspective of culture diversityWhen it comes to taking into custody diversity in cultures, the anthropological view can buoy religious service humanity understand and appreciate the complexity of various cultures. This discipline involves the oeuvre of biologic and cultural transmission lines of the humans. The subject matter of anthropology is wide-ranging, including, fossil remains, non human primate anatomy and behavior, artifacts from past cultures, past and present deliverys, and all the pre historical and contemporary cultures of the world.The subfield of cultural anthropology is the most ordinarily studied and useful in analyzing and interpreting the respective(a) cultures of the world. In recent years, recognition o f the need for multicultural awareness, discernment, and skills has grown in our society. The aim is to achieve multicultural diversity competence, which is a term that refers to the ability to demonstrate respect and understanding, to communicate effectively, and to work with different cultural backgrounds (George Fischer, 1999, p. 71). These diversities in culture encompass differences in gender, race, ethnicity, religion, age, sexual orientation, social class and strong-arm appearance. Misunderstandings and conflicts in the society are two major(ip) consequences of lack of awareness in the ever increasing cultural diversity. Cultural anthropology explains cultural diversity through aspects of social life such as material culture, social organizations, politics, economics, imageism, change and development, ethnicity and modern nation-state formation.In explaining and interpreting the diverse cultures, anthropology uses ethnography- describing particular cultures and ethnology- comparing two or more cultures. In addition it incorporates the holistic nestle in cultural studies by studying biological and cultural aspects of human behavior encompassing the broadest possible time commit by looking at contemporary, historic and prehistoric societies examining human culture in every part of the world and studies many different aspects of human culture (George Fischer, 1999, p.68).Cultural diversity is relevant to a cultural speak to in learning, in that learning and motivational styles and cross cultural pedagogical strategies assume attention to diversity in learner populations and pluralistic learning outcomes. The data, concepts and insights derived from the study of other cultures helps us meet our professional goals and lead more satisfying lives in a multicultural society. Moreover, the process of studying anthropology is excessively worthy because of the skills and competencies that it helps to develop. Activities such as taking courses about diffe rent cultures, alive(p) in local internships and international organizations, living in the universitys international dormitory, and combat-ready in study abroad programs all combine to provide students with valuable skills in understanding diverse cultures hence achieve multicultural diverse competence.There is a need to come up with a outline to accept cultural diversity, for example, in the United states of America the freedom to keep abreast ones individual dream and fortunes in the united states has produced a widening spread between the feels and have-nots. According to Hutnyk, 2006, managing directors in United States of America made xl times as much compared to the average worker in 1973 and three hundred as much in 2004. At the same time, compensation of middle class were growing slightly and those of lower class were real shrinking. This situation to a European means that the state is working against sound being of the population, particularly in light of tax cut s during this period. Another fount is when expressing feelings of affection which is typical for all human. The manner in which the affection is convey is cultural, the kiss is not commonplacely accepted as a symbol of affection some societies consider it suggestive of cannibalism.A basic anthropological outline for understanding other cultures is to look at a cultural feature from within its original setting rather than looking at it from the perspective of ones own culture being inquisitive, non-judgmental, and open to new ways of thinking is vital in understanding other cultures Balancing mutually exclusive needs instead of trying to eliminate them emphasize global group work develop a cognitive complex which is made up of twin abilities of differentiating and integrating and developing a personal acuity (Naylor, 1997, p. 157). The strategy will not only help you personally in understanding other cultures entirely assist you in integrating to any culture globally.Sociolo gical perspective on Cultural DiversitySociology is critical abridgment of the society in which humans live. People who make hotshot of the social world-past, present and future- are referred to as sociologists (Anderson Taylor, 2005, p. 8). Sociologists interrogation on social structures such as class, family, politics, social problems like drug abuse and crime all of which influence the society. Social interaction amongst humans is the basic sociological concept, because all humans and groups that make up a society socialize. Specialists who focus on particular details of specific interactions as they occur daily are called micro sociologists and those that focus on larger patterns of interactions amongst larger sections of the society such as state and economy are called macro sociologists.A society is rarely culturally uniform hence the result of different cultures. As societies develop and become more complex, different cultural traditions appear. The more complex the socie ty, the more likely the culture will be internally alter and diverse. The causes of cultural changes in a society are cultural diffusion, innovation, and pain in the neck of cultural change by outside world (Anderson Taylor, 2005, p. 72).Two concepts from sociology help in understanding complexity of culture in a effrontery society, dominant culture and subcultures. Dominant culture is the culture of the most correctly group in the society. Although it is not the only culture in society, it is commonly referred to be the culture of a society, despite other cultures present. Subcultures on the other hand are cultures of groups whose values and norms of behavior differ from those of the dominant culture. Members of subcultures slant to interact frequently and share a common world view.Sociology stipulates that culture consists of both material objects and abstract thoughts and behavior. Several elements which sociologists consider in understanding culture diversity are language, norms, beliefs and values (Kaufman, 2004, p. 7). address Learning the language of a culture is essential to becoming part of a society. Language shapes culture as it provides the categories through which social reality is understood. This was proved by Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Worf in the 1950s through their theory called the Sapir-Whorf venture. The hypothesis states, it is not that you perceive something first and then think of how to express it, but that language itself determines what you think and perceive (Anderson Taylor, 2005, p. 83). In understanding cultural diversity language is seen to reflect the assumptions of a culture. This is seen and exemplified by language affecting large numbers perception of reality Language reflecting the social and political status of different groups in society Groups advocating changing language referring to them as a way of take a firm stand positive group identity The implications of language emerging from specific histor ical and cultural contexts language distorting actual group experience language determine peoples perceptions of groups and events in society.Norms They are specific cultural expectations for how to behave in a abandoned situation. Lack of norms in any society results in garboil however, with established norms people would be able to act, behave and interact in a society properly. In the early years of sociology, William Graham pass in 1906 identified two types of norms folkways and mores. Folkways are general standards of behavior adhered to by a group, example wearing pants and not skirts for men. Mores are stricter mores which are seen to control moral and ethical behaviors such as injunctions, legal and religious.Beliefs They are shared vagarys people hold collectively within a given culture, and these beliefs are also the basis of many cultural norms and values, example in USA there is a widespread belief in God. Sociology study belief in a innovation of ways, and each th eoretical thought process provides different insights into the significance of beliefs for human society.Values They are abstract standards in a society or group that defines the ideal principles of what is desirable and chastely correct, for example in USA equality and freedom are significant values which provide a general outline for behavior. Values provide values for behavior, but can also be sources of conflict like the political conflict over abortion.Understanding the four elements of sociology enables proper integration in any society. Integration into the society is achieved by respecting the diverse cultures that are found in a society. Sociology studies culture in a variety of ways, asking numerous questions about the relationship of culture to other social institutions and the role of culture in modern life. The new cultural perspective on culture according to Naylor, 1997, is that it is ephemeral, unpredictable and constantly changing is a material manifestation of consumer-oriented society and is best understood by analyzing its artifacts- books, films, tv set images.Psychological Perspective on Culture DiversitySocial psychological science a subfield of psychology has its origins in the early years of the twentieth century. Its findings do not necessarily concern human thinking throughout report but rather meet the requirements of our modern society. Social psychology research aims to capture the interplay between social thinking and socio-historical dynamics in tack to understand how societies function and how culture is produced (Xenia, 2004, p. 13). Psychology is distinguished from neighboring social sciences through its emphasis on studying samples of organisms within controlled settings rather than focusing upon larger groups, organizations or nations. Psychologists test the specific results of changes in a controlled environs on the individual in that environment, but there are potently set procedures through which organisms are tested psychometrically.There is a walloping debate in psychology and more generally in social sciences how to define culture. In some definitions the concept of culture includes behavior, in the sense that our behaviors are expressions of our culture. Other definitions emphasize that participating in a culture means having understanding of our world. However with trying to find a accordant definition of this concept, the main argument of researchers in psychology is to highlight how heavy it is to take into account the cultural context in which psychological studies were conducted (Kerr Tindale, 2011). They were chastise to point out that humans are linked to the social context in which they live, proving that psychological functioning and human behavior are universal and culture specific.Sharing a culture means that people have a common way of viewing their relationship with the social and physical environment of communicating their thoughts and emotions of prioritizing their activities of dividing tasks and resources of attributing values, honors, and power (Xenia, 2004, pp.17-18). When they do not share the supra listed elements then culture diversity occurs from a psychological point of view. The people of diverse cultures are not like minded hence the question is, whether individuals from diverse cultures can coexist harmoniously in time office and under the same political and social organizations? The answer to this question provides the idea of how to cope with culture diversity.Various cultures flourish from the recognition that they represent a set of beliefs, modes of thinking and practices that are peculiar to them and different from others. Some cultures are more inclusive example western cultures, others refer to a lower-ranking group of people for instance the Basque culture, but each one of them is fundamental for its members because they represent the way they construct their social reality, and provides them with action alternatives.C onclusionCulture Diversity has been discussed using the three social science disciplines of Anthropology, Sociology and Psychology. Even though all of them have a similarity of trying to understand culture diversity in humans, they are different in terms of how they approach the study. Anthropology looks at culture diversity at the perspective of humanity, his origin and through aspects of social life such as ethnicity, symbolism, politics, race and so on. Anthropology explains that the origin of culture diversity is through mankind hence the concentration a human perspective. Sociology looks at the society which humans live so as to explain culture diversity. It states that elements such as language, beliefs, norms, and values are what remove about culture diversities. Psychology on the other hand analyses culture diversity with focus entirely on internal factors that influence individuals. Therefore the three social sciences provide an understanding of culture diversity and a bas is of respecting other cultures.

A Five Forces Analysis Of Air Arabia Tourism Essay

A Five Forces Analysis Of striving Arabia Tourism evidenceAccording to this model any craft has 4 comprises during its life cycle. These coifs ar Introduction, Growth, Maturity, and Decline. In the introduction phase a confederacy just starts pass its untried harvest-festival or operate in the mart. At this stratum the play along might the only whiz in the market or its work or products might be comp al junior-gradeely sore. In the stage of growth the fellowship has to make huge investments for the marketing and research and phylogeny of the product so that the product give the axe grow competitive in the market. The stage of maturity the curve of the conciliate life cycle becomes court and the rate of growth s number ones shovel in. There be very few firms in this stage where the bank line giant has a little contest from the new comers in the fabrication. At last the decline phase of the life cycle is nearly inevitable if there are no regular improveme nts are done in the product or service. In this phase the sales decline at a very pace. Every company, industry or origin goes through all these stages in their life cycle merely there are very few companies which have seen the maturity phase. pedigree Arabia is one of those companies of the UAE which is in the stage of maturity. The company is considered to be in the stage of maturity as it fulfils all the requirements to be in the stage. mail Arabia is the largest melodic phrase company that offers the lowest flying follow. The strategy of cost minimizing and piting by increase the fall of flights is to gather in sustainable competitive advantage in the industry and competitive edge over the new entrant competitors. universe in the phase of maturity of the industry life cycle the company radiate Arabia essential stick to its low cost carrier operate and focused on the occurrent business model. carriage Arabia has captured most of the business hubs of the Middle einsteinium and matrimony Africa region which has a potential ontogeny market and prospective growth for the air place industry and LCCs. The business strategy of the company should not be only striving for cutting down the operational cost to provide low terms carrier to a greater extentover to provide service which is more than scheduled, convenient, more destinations it covers, and performs in time.Analysis of the descent Arabia based on Michael Porters five Competitive ForcesThreat of New EntrantsThe portal of new company in the industry influences the competition scenario in the industry. The aviation industry has a extravagantly potential of profits so it whitethorn attract competitors in the market. These new entrants might be threat for the air Arabia aviation company which is the attracter in the LCCs. These threats might be in terms of better services, lower cost of product and services. Air Arabia is a well established, profitable and most successful company i n the industry so it would be difficult for the new entry to sustain in the market. The barrier of entry in the industry is also very exalted because of the huge cost of establishing the business. The business needs millions of millions dollars to be invested to establish a company. The cost of an aircraft is around $ 2 billions and to compete with the Air Arabia the competitors has to run the airway at low cost and pass better customer services. Air Arabia has a brand name and customer loyalty in the business which gives it competitive advantage over the new entrants in the industry.Bar incrementing spring of SuppliersEvery industry and business needs naked material to manufacture their final product or service and this raw material is do available by the suppliers. These suppliers poop influence the profit involved in the industry by varying the cost or step of the raw material. Thus the relations with between the manufacturer and suppliers become important for the industr y. The airway industry has very specific suppliers for the business. One is the aircraft manufacturing companies like Boeing and Airbus and fuel suppliers. Because of scarceness of the suppliers of aircrafts and limited production of units the suppliers can control the prices and bargain power allow for be higher with them. The fuel suppliers also control the cost of the tickets of airlines. This mogul is a threat for the Air India as the suppliers has more power accordingly the company.Bargaining Power of BuyersThis force is stronger in the airline industry in the Middle East and North Africa region. The vendees have higher power of bargaining for low cost, and better services. The situation is because of the large number of options available to the passengers and the number of passengers modify of location in the LCCs is very high which give affect the business on a very large scale. Because of the availableness of several options of low cost airlines and the facility of internet booking of air tickets the customers have some(prenominal) flexible options available. So to weaken this force of buyers the company ha to throw the quality of services and the cost of the services should be kept negligible in the industry. Otherwise this force exit also act as a threat for the company.Threat of a Substitute Products or runSubstitutes for the airline industry are specifys or driving cars but availability and feasibility of these substitutes varies from region to region. Cars and trains might be substitute for the regional and local flights but they cannot replace international low cost flights. So the power of this force also differs in regions like in Europe where travel with trains is easier and cheaper the threat allow for be higher but in UAE where the train facility is not good and because of the hot and dry climate travelling with cars is also not possible flights are the best option as it is more convenient and time saving. So the power of force will be weak there and opportunities of business will be higher. disceptation among existing firmsIn the aviation the competition level is very high between various airline companies. In the Middle East and North Africa region there are many international airlines in the industry. totally these companies are attracting customers by providing best customer services, best aircrafts and lowest price in the industry. But the Air Arabia has been established in the region for the early(prenominal) many years and holding the position of leader in the LCC airlines.Business-Level schemeThe unlikeiation strategy requires the development and improvement in the quality of product or services. These products are offered to customers with better and unique characteristics which are completely different and advanced from the competitors. The singularity in the services will add a observe to them and this appraise may be charged as a premium price of the service by the company. Air Arab ia has been the leader f the LCCs for the past three years. Now the company can use is brand nourish to cover up the extra cost of the exclusive services by the customers. The unique attributes of the services provided by Air Arabia will be able to charge some extra dollars from the customers if the suppliers increase the cost of their products. The current business strategy of Air Arabia is cost focused it provides services at the minimum cost possible in the industry and is leading the LCC industry for the past 3 years. The company should now add some honor to its services. These value added services may be better customer service, rapid innovation and advanced technology. But if the company will practice this new business strategy along with its brand image then the threats and weaknesses can be overcome.To be successful with the differentiation strategy of business an make-up might have certain strengthsUse of best and advanced scientific and technological concepts.Expert an d competent work force for developing value added products or services.Sales team should be skilled enough to afford the advanced features and usability of the product.Brand image and reputation to improve quality and advancements. appraise in the service and product can be created by implementing future(a) steps in the businessLowering Buyers Costs Improved quality will minimize the chances of problems in the services and thus the cost of buyer will also get trim.Raising Buyers Performance The main objective of increasing the quality of services is to entertain the customers with better services and let them enjoy the service.Sustainability The uniqueness and reputation of the products will create barriers and high duty period cost.Risks of Using a Differentiation Strategy Risks involved in use differentiation strategy in the airline industry are high. Competitors of Air Arabia can start imitating its business model or tastes and requirements of customers might change ver y frequently which might loose the value the service so the service will need changes accordingly.Functional-Level StrategiesInternal analysisBusiness mock upMission, Vision, Values, and GoalAir Arabia is the leading firm in the field of low cost carriers with the mission of revolutionizing the air travel in the Middle East and North African region. The approach of the company will be smart and innovative which will offer services satisfying to the full value of money of customers.To achieve the mission of the company it will use low fare trading operations to grow the profitability of the organization. The teams of the Air Arabia will be highly motivated for customer satisfaction which will showcase the highest standards of operations and will manage the operational cost of the company.The vision of Air Arabia is To be one of the worlds leading Budget Airlines with respect toProfitability and Margin aimReputationOperational ExcellenceAir Arabia shows its loyalty to its passenger s by religious offering them the minimum rates and best combination of rates and services which will attract them to travel with Air Arabia more frequently. The organization commits to its shareholders the highest and most untouchable return on their money. The company with its value Pay Less, Fly more(prenominal) offers safe, reliable and comfortable air travel throughout its network more often. The company always looks forward to meet the requirements and expectations of its valued customers by offering various value added services and offers. The company always invites the suggestions and feedbacks from the customers in order to improve its services and offerings. The journey with Air Arabia should be a wonderful experience is the main point of dedication of the company.ConclusionThe Air Arabia must adopt generic business strategy of differentiation in asset to its current cost focused strategy. This mix of business strategies will gain competitive advantage over its compet itors to the company. The better quality of services will make it the best company in the airline business. Air Arabias AcelAero was the multifunctional arriere pensee system. It has offered and software solution enterprise airline for better operational services. The company offers flights to more than 65 destinations around the world. Air Arabia understands the value of money of the customers and provides services that are compatible to the price customers have paid. All these are the uniqueness and advantages of the company in comparison to other airlines. Air Arabia will gain competitive advantages by focusing on other market segments. the likes of providing cargo services to Aramex, partnering with Dubai bank and Dubai Islamic Bank for the online payment facility, offering various gifts and vouchers on the annual celebrations of the company. All these steps of the company are aimed to improve the brand name and corporate image of the company, regionally or internationally. The se value added services of the company will help in increasing the number of customers and number of repeat customers who were once satisfied with the services of Air Arabia.The Air Arabia airlines company is in the maturity stage of the business life cycle so it will have to face strong competition with the competing airlines companies. To gain competitive edge over its competitors each company will be using offensive business strategies rather than defensive one to remain competitive in the market. The research and analysis of internal and remote factors affecting the position of company in the airlines industry proposes following recommendationsThe cost of operations of Air Arabia is increasing because of increasing fuel prices and giant investments in aircrafts and its services. The company must minimize the operational costs by up operations in the business, particularly improvement in maintenance process, aircraft utilization, and legal scheduling of flights. Labor cost can also be reduced by using technology in various distribution processes. Although Air Arabia has threats of the high class airlines which provides high level of services to the passengers, the company is a leader in the low cost airlines. So cost of tickets can be increased up to a certain extent in order to improve the quality of services and add some value to those services. Air Arabia can remain competitive in the market because it is the leader of the LCCs and charges of other high class airlines are too much for a normal non business class customer. By extending the roots of the business in such a manner the company can grow its market share in the business class customers too. Air Arabia has routes in more than65 destination all over the world but as the UAE is a main attraction of global tourism so the routes of the airlines should be increased. The company should join some global alliances in order to widen the melt of price and service offered by the airlines.

Study On A Paperless System Information Technology Essay

Study On A Paperless System Information engineering EssayMany organizations, in an effort to increase their effectiveness and cleverness in tack to develop competitive advantages in their marketplace, ar intense to develop tuition technology on their teleph whiz circuit bodys. The age of discipline technology provides possibilities for an effective coordination of barter process. Different partners and parties transact electronic tout ensembley in the modern commerce surround and this takes a compact pointor for bill and take stocking systems to convert into baseless forms as well.Over the last decade, climate change became iodin of the top signalise concerns for both countries. More and to a greater extent nations atomic enumerate 18 be allow-to doe with with the sustainability of the worlds environment and ar trying to contribute by various policies very much(prenominal) as reducing their carbon footprints, conserving on resources, building greener environm ents and preserving wildlife habitats. The ch anyenge is to fight down economic growth without threatening the long term survival prospects of mankind. unrivaled of the key issues with regards to the environment is deforestation. Food and Agricultural Senior Forestry Officer, Dieter Schoene, said, at a join Nations Framework radiation diagram on Climate Change shop class in 2006, thatWe argon running(a) to solve two of the key environmental issues deforestation and global warming at the same quantifyThe removal of trees causes galore(postnominal) problems including destruction of natural habitat and damage to our atmosphere. One primer for deforestation is the yield of composing. Paper pulp is made of wood. Paper production accounts for about a liberal percentage of felled trees, and thus paper saving has been a key concern for the world with plenty of investigateers, conservation groups, campaigns and initiatives with the repoint of reducing paper work.A typical s ale transaction allow for consist of but not limited to the quote, the purchase order, the proforma invoice, the delivery note, the gross sales invoice. This pith that one transaction provide use at least five pieces of paper and this does not include other documents like the coin bank payment advice, beneficiary advice and other functions that lead to the sale. In 2007, capital of Singapore had at least 160,000 small medium enterprises. If each furrow had a buttoned-up average of 20 sale licit proceeding per month, 16 million sheets of paper would buzz off been utilize which is the equivalent of 32,000 reams of paper. That would mean to the world a unconnected of at least 1,800 trees every month just because of Singapores SMEs alone.Paperless system is used for automating the method of business relationship information processes. Automation in be system operator reducing the paper dependency, and it exit provide effectiveness. An effective paperless business system depart make paper an option rather than a necessity and thus reducing the usage of paper in the corpo valuate world.It is for this cogitate that paperless systems have in addition become a sine qua non for business processes with many a(prenominal) professionals believing that going paperless is no protracted an option but a must(prenominal). Another reason is that paperless systems involve technology which could make the business much to a greater extent(prenominal) effective. The rapid rise of paperless business solutions and providers around the world goes to yield that to a greater extent and more businesses have identified pursuing a paperless mail as a strategy that can do them gain a competitive advantage in their marketplace.It has been observed that internationally (Hannon, Neal 2004) many regions argon encompassing and shifting towards electronic proceedings, electronic business systems and even the development of protractible Business Reporting Language (XB RL), a standardized digital linguistic communication for business financial reporting. The EU for example already has a large and extensive list of directives covering the usage of electronic transmission of financial transactions, customs and trade documents, taxation issues, online privacy and security.Al around all countries in Asia have electronic transaction natural polices, with the exception of Sri Lanka and Nepal which have pending legislation. In Singapore in that location are many statutes that govern the administration of documents at heart organizations. A recent addition is the electronic transactions modus operandi 2010 where it is specifically verbalise that where a rule of legality carrys any document, remember or information to be retained, or provides for certain consequences if it is not, that requirement is satisfied by retaining the document, record or information in the form of an electronic record if conditions are satisfied (Singapore Statutes).Th e Singapore Standard for Auditing, namely SSA 500, also deals with electronic documentation. It has specified that electronic points are accepted as long as they fulfill the requirements. However it has also stated that electronic tell aparts are not as reliable as original documents. This contradicts the electronic legal proceeding hazard 2010 where the original documents may truely be in electronic forms.It is in the above context that this study attempts to investigate the awareness of the implementation of the electronics proceedings symbolize 2010 in Singapore. It further attempts to examine whether such awareness translates into an aim to adopt paperless report systems and if at that place is no intention to adopt paperless method of invoice systems then the reasons for companies resisting the intention to pursue a paperless office.For the above purpose, the study leave alone conduct a fall out on the awareness of paperless accounting and the electronic legal proceeding Act 2010 in Singapore and whether it has wedged the way businesses hold up in various industries. It get out also go over on the reasons that handicap businesses from adopting electronic transactions as part of their operation models. The study entrust also attempt to vex out what can be workable push factors to help businesses adopt paperless accounting.LITERATURE REVIEWThe case for paperless accounting and chasing paperless offices have been looked and discussed by many practitioners and researchers, yielding a lot of publications on this topic both in popular and academic sources2.1 The role for Paperless AccountingPaperless accounting is base on electronic transactions where all business transactions are recorded electronically. The lit available on this topic is generally from popular sources with very little scholarly research attempted. The literature on paperless accounting from both popular and academic sources is in general targeted on the benefits of going paperless, ways to implement a paperless office. They are focused on building the case for businesses to adopt a paperless strategy.Many researchers and practitioners believed that businesses must adopt paperless processes as part of their strategies. As a company grows and the transactions increase it will require a paperless system for its business processes (Webster 2004). pack Blaylock (2005) believed thatGoing paperless is no longer an option, but must for a certified public accountant (Certified Public Accountant).Businesses have to go paperless in order to keep up with their competition. The mentality has changed. For example in 2005, a cartoon by PCPS/Texas social club of CPAs National Management of Accounting Practice (MAP) showed that 41% of CPA respondents indicated that they would argue going paperless, and 20% already have done it. 25% of the firms are planning to go paperless, but 13% will not calculate it. Later in 2008, CCH Incorporated assessed accou ntancy practitioners who have use paperless system. Of those of were visual modalityed, 95% would recommend the idea of displace up paperless offices to other users.However near researchers have also challenged the notion that paperless is the way to go. Paper is dumb the most astray used form of document medium due to its many benefits that is not easy to replace and will still co-exist with electronic documents in the long term (Liu and Stork, 2000) Paper usage cannot be foreshortend significantly unless work practices are re-organized and the digital alternative to paper has to be mendd. Until that happens, offices will still most likely have paper around (Sellen 2003). This collect is further re-emphasized by Gragg (2004) where he pointed out that it is difficult to depend all on electronic documentation due to swift developments in software program technology and hard copies will unlikely go away permanently. It is also wrong to assume that there will be no picture costs in a paperless office since a lot of population will carry on to print out the documents that are displace to them electronically, even if huge investments have been made to obtain technology that help to store documents digitally.What Sellen and Gragg observed in 2003 and 2004 respectively still hold true(p) today. The world usage of paper is still increasing. Some businesses still crush to paper. Even those which have invested in technology to automate their business processes still rely heavily on paper documents. For example, it is not uncommon to conform to executives printing out hard copies of their email correspondences. Logistics and shipping companies still require hardcopies of the bills of lading and certificates on goods. Banks and tax authorities still require hardcopies of hand-signed institutional documents. In such cases, businesses should look at usage of recycled paper which is more environmentally friendly although the ultimate aim should still be at reduction eventually.Therefore the case for paperless offices is very obvious with many benefits that all businesses should strive to achieve. Paperless accounting can bring about increased capability while at the same time lowering the costs of accounting (Gullkvist 2002). Brian Steinert, director of specialty software product oversight at CCH, in a supplement to Accounting Today, said thatBecause of the amazing efficiencies that result from streamlined, interconnected workflows because of the greater productivity brought about when professionals have anytime/anywhere access to what they need and anywhere/anytime ability to collaborate with their peers because young professionals expect and embrace paperless processes because all professionals will spend more time on high-level, high-value work because cash will be saved in the long run only when by buying and storing much less paper.Cost reduction will be the primary objective for many vendors who are considering implement pa perless business processes (Davis 2005). Reduction in paper usage will also reduce the damage to the environment.The amount of literature available on paperless accounting suggests that it is a widely known concept around the world. However the lack of literature on the word sense rate of paperless accounting systems even in the United States and Europe, which are considered to be more developed in terms of technology, suggests that the actual awareness of the public is much lesser. A survey on the awareness of paperless accounting in Singapore should yield negative results.2.2 Electronic Transactions Act in SingaporeMany regions around the world are experiencing pressures for legal and regulatory changes due to the growth of paperless offices. The paperless office demands that transactions are documented electronically. Therefore the constabularys related, for example taxation and contract laws, need to be updated to recognize digital records of transactions as legal documents. As the information technology environment develops over time, nations will also move to improve their laws governing electronic commerce. This can be observed from the United Nations gathering on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts (UN Convention), choose by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 23rd November 2005 which was based upon the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce issued in 1998. The principal(prenominal) driver for the new Convention was the fact that the electronic commerce environment in 2005 was very divers(prenominal) from 1998 due to the evolution of the Internet.Singapore, being the rootage country in 1998 to follow the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce, on 7 July 2010 was the first Asian country to confirm its colligation to the new Convention, which is aimed at minimizing differences between laws in different countries. Therefore Singapore needs to update its Electronic Transactions Act (ETA) 1998 to complement the UN Convention and this resulted in ETA 2010.The ETA 2010, although based on the one in 1998, has introduced many key changes, one of it being Clause 9 which provides thatWhere a rule of law requires certain documents, records or information to be retained, the requirement is satisfied by retaining them in the form of electronic records subject to certain safeguards. If the rule of law already expressly provides for such retention in electronic records, the clause will not apply. A public agency may see additional requirements for the retention of electronic records under its jurisdiction.This is the critical change that allows for the feasibility of a paperless office as businesses are no longer needful to keep paper records of their business transactions by law.Besides financial reporting purposes, the other reason that companies archive their financial transactions is for audit purposes. In the Singapore Standard on Auditing under SSA 500, A31 states thatAudit evidence in documentary form, whether paper, electronic, or other medium, is more reliable than evidence obtained orally (for example, a contemporaneously written record of a group meeting is more reliable than a subsequent oral repre displaceation of the matters discussed)This is concordant with the ETA 2010 and further enhances the notion that companies no longer have to generate invoices in paper forms. Businesses can choose to issue their invoices in digital formats to their clients. The digital invoice will be recognized in the eyes of the law as a legal document.As the ETA 2010 was passed only in July this year, it is pass judgment that most executives will be unconscious(predicate) of this change in the Act and subsequently, most will not have plans to adopt paperless accounting systems yet. The survey will attempt to determine if this is indeed the case.METHODOLOGYThe primary research instrument used in this paper is a questionnaire which is piloted among members of the public work ing in finance related positions across a wide clutches of industries. The diversity of the members surveyed was as wide as possible in order to obtain a good mix of responses from members in both IT-savvy industries and non IT-savvy industries. The survey was administered and collected between October-November 2010. In keeping with the topic that is being discussed the questionnaires were sent out either via e-mail as attachments or through transfers via flip-flop drives and respondents were encouraged to complete and return in the same manner.The questions were structured in order to get feedback of respondents awareness of the Electronic Transactions Act 2010, whether it has impacted the way their businesses operate. If it has no impact yet, the survey will aim to find out why the business has not adopted a paperless transactions as part of its operations and what factors will push the business to adopt paperless systems.Surveys were distributed to 200 possible respondents from through digital survey forms. Although the target members were pass on to reply in digital formats with respect to the topic in questions, near respondents replied through their own paper formats of the survey. Instructions and explanations are clearly stated should the respondents face any difficulties in understanding the questions.RESULTS4.1 Question one later 2 reminders, the surveys were returned by 124 (62 percent respond rate) respondents. The breakdown of the respondents according to their industries is shown in the chart below.Chart 4.1 Breakdown by IndustriesAlthough an attempt to survey a wide diversity of respondents was made, 47% of the respondents came from the Banking and pay and the IT pains. This is passing due to the fact that near half of the 200 surveys were distributed at 2 commercial buildings physically where the tenants at both buildings consisted mainly of companies providing financial services or IT-related services. In order to obtain a more accurat e response rate for different industries, the survey should have been distributed in a fixed number per industry.It must also be mentioned that a larger essay of respondents is involve in order to obtain more accurate results that can be indicative of the follow population.4.2 Question 2The second question of the survey was to find out whether the respondents were aware of paperless accounting. The results of the survey are shown below.Q1Q2YesNoBanking and Finance321913Fashion514Food swallow13112IT26917Logistics404Manufacturing1129Pharmaceutical101 topographic point110retail20119Trade1046Government101 resume1243886Table 4.1 Question 2 resultsOut of the 124 respondents, 69% of the respondents were unaware of what is paperless accounting. This is consistent with what was concluded in the literature review. Although paperless accounting is widely discussed in both popular and academic articles, the adoption and awareness range are much lower. This is especially the case as shown by the results above, where almost 74% of the respondents who are aware of paperless accounting come from IT-savvy industries. And even deep down the IT-savvy industries, only 28 out of the 58 respondents (48%) are aware of what is paperless accounting. Clearly, more has to be done in order to increase the awareness.4.3 Question 3The third question of the survey asked if respondents are aware of the Electronic Transactions Act 2010. As discussed in the literature review, the awareness level should be low since this Act was only in effect since Jul 2010. The results of the survey are listed below.Q1Q3YesNoBanking and Finance32626Fashion514Food Beverage13013IT26620Logistics404Manufacturing11011Pharmaceutical101Property101Retail20020Trade1019Government100Total12414110Table 4.2 Question 3 ResultsThe results are almost one-sided with 88% of the respondents stating that they are unaware of the Electronic Transactions Act 2010. Most are unaware that invoices no longer need to be in paper form and can be sent via electronic means. This can be considered as a blow on the part of the government when the residents of a country are unaware that the country is the first Asian country to ratify the UN Convention. The government will need to raise awareness through more media coverage, campaigns and gazettes.4.4 Question 4The fourth question of the survey tries to find the adoption rate of paperless accounting by businesses in Singapore. The results are tabulated below.Q1Q4YesNoBanking and Finance19019Fashion101Food Beverage101IT963Logistics000Manufacturing202Pharmaceutical000Property101Retail101Trade413Government000Total38731Table 4.3 Question 4 ResultsSince the results of the previous 2 questions have indicated that there is a lack of awareness of paperless accounting and the Electronic Transactions Act 2010, only 38 respondents answered this question. The rate of adoption of paperless accounting systems cannot be high. establish on these 38 respondents, only 18% of th e companies implemented paperless systems. Based on the results of this survey, Singapore is on a long road to congruous a paperless society. It is worthy to note that among the 19 respondents in the Banking and Finance industry who are aware of what paperless systems are none of them were in companies that implemented such systems. This is highly likely due to the nature of their industry where paper documents are required.4.5 Question 5Question 5 asked respondents, whose companies have not implemented paperless systems, the reasons behind their companies decisions. A list of 5 options was offered to the respondents and they were allowed to choose more than one. The next chart shows their responses.Chart 4.2 Reasons for not adopting Paperless SystemsOut of the 38 respondents, only 3 felt that paperless systems were costly. A majority of 30 felt that their suppliers and clients required paper documents and thus there was no need for them to adopt paperless systems. This clearly s hows that the respondents and their clients/supplier as well are unaware of the new Electronics Transaction Act 2010. Half of the respondents felt that paperless systems are not adopted as it was not a standard procedure in their industry. Thus if their competitors started adopting paperless systems, they will highly likely follow suit as well. 13 respondents felt that there was no need to implement paperless systems since it is not mandatory by law and 7 felt that there were not many incentives to adopt such systems.4.6 Question 6Question 6 surveyed all the respondents on the factors that will push their companies to adopt paperless accounting. Again, a list of 5 options was offered and respondents were allowed to choose more than one option. The chart below shows their response.Chart 4.3 Push Factors for Paperless AccountingThe biggest push factor for companies to adopt paperless accounting systems is for the government to make is a legal requirement. This is indicated by the resp onse of 66% of those surveyed. 76 of the respondents indicated that they will consider adopting paperless systems if it is one of their industry standards. Half of the respondents felt that there is a need to create more awareness of paperless accounting. It is also worthwhile to note that less than 30% of respondents are looking at incentives and costs of adopting paperless accounting.CONCLUSIONThis survey, carried out in late 2010, found a low level of awareness and adoption rate of paperless accounting. The results of this study must be interpreted in the crystallize of the response rate of 62%, which were obtained after 2 reminders. The final sample size of 124 respondents is definitely not a good indicator of the total population. The fact that 47% of respondents came from 2 out of at least 8 different industries shows that the distribution of the survey was not conducted wide enough although the time given for the survey to be conducted has to be taken into consideration. Bas ically this means that more time and resources need to be allowed in order for a similar survey to be conducted on a wider scale. A survey that yields at least 1000 respondents that are equally distributed across different industries will be a better indicator of the total population.The results of the survey indicate low awareness of both paperless accounting and the new Electronic Transactions Act 2010. Survey respondents have indicated that there should be more awareness made about paperless accounting. This indicates that there is a lot of voltage in the Singapore market for companies that provide digital document management services. The government can increase the awareness of paperless accounting by setting up a national framework for a paperless society as well. This framework should be aimed at resolving the issues that are creating resistance to paperless accounting and helping Singapore businesses to switch to paperless accounting systems progressively.When businesses ad opt paperless accounting systems, there are a few authorities that will have to be involved as well. For example, the Monetary place of Singapore will have to look into solutions that can enable banking and financial institutions to adopt paperless business processes without compromising on risks and securities. The Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority will have to look into the acceptance of electronic financial statements. The Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore will have to come up with solutions that enable business to file their taxes electronically. By creating such frameworks and support, businesses can be assured of a smoother and easier transition as they adopt paperless accounting systems. This will greatly reduce the resistance to the adoption of paperless business processes that currently exists.The survey results should be interpreted with caution as they indicate only respondents awareness of paperless accounting and the Electronic Transactions Act 2010. H owever it does indicate that there is a need for more research to be done regarding actual business adoption rates of paperless systems and the benefits that both companies and the environment enjoy with the reduced usage of paper.

Employment practices of wal-mart

Employment forms of wal-mart Introduction In the current world(a) vexation world, companies be required to take consideration about its employees values and to hound ethically sound practices. Business ethics is the term people delectation in dealing with proper business behavior and is related to creation fully awargon of the consequences of the guilds actions. Being aware means two things first gear, adhering to the rules, laws, principles of morality, and some other(prenominal) concerns regarding fairness and the needs of others and second, taking responsibility of the effects to the customers, employees, and the society as a whole of the processes by which the attach to uses in making and interlingual rendition products and services. Founded in 1962, Wal-Mart is the worlds leader in sustainability, employment opportunities, and corporate philanthropy. It ranked first in Fortune Magazines 2010 Most Admired Companies survey and is now employing 2.1 trillion people worl dwide (Wal-Mart, 2011). With competitive prices it sets for its products, Wal-Mart was able to destroy competitors such as Kmart and thousands of small businesses. Moreover, through profit savings from their exceptional relationship with the suppliers and in operation(p) efficiency, Wal-Mart was able to pass on its cost savings to its customers, thereby attracting them and expanding their grocery share in the retail industry. However, to maintain its profitability and sustainable growth, the political party needs to reevaluate its strategies through internal environ noetic s flush toiletning. This account exit deal with the business ethics of Wal-Mart particularly its employment practices and how its organizational leaders comes into play. The writer believes that Wal-Marts employment practices are unattractive to peoples minds and include discrimination, fell practices, and unregistered workers. The paper go forth touch these ethical dilemmas, provide inferences to support for each one practice, and identify the principles in conflict under the Global Business Standards leaf-book. The paper will come into conclusion by proposing strategies on how these ethical standards can be changed in order to resolve the problem. Arguments and Discussions The Global Business Standards (GBS) Codex is a benchmark for businesses wanting to develop their own world-class reckon (International Monetary Fund, 2009). It comprises of simplified picture of the expected conducts of todays corporations. The authors of GBS identified eight principles (Carroll and Buchholtz, 2008) that companies must(prenominal) follow in creating new codes of conduct or assessing existing ones, namely, the principles of fiduciary, reliability, fairness, dignity, transparency, responsiveness, and citizenship. The creating or assessment of the code of conduct is the preliminary step for companies attempting to deal with global business ethics.The first conflict of Wal-Marts policies with the GBS Codex is with regard to the principle of fairness. Individuals conclusion jobs in work organizations may find that some companies incorporate opportunities for furtherance while others do not. Jobs lacking in overseeer path are less belike to offer promotions and salary increases. The common people interpreted out from then managerial career path are the women and minorities (Konrad, 2006). The companys unstylish culture reflects to the store policies. Many policies produce been implemented that somehow divide employees particularly women and strict employee to employee relationships. Women are rarely seen in management positions and at most they are not allowed to be in the top management. The federal official class suit Dukes et al. v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (Spangler et al. 2008). in 2001, is the largest civil rights suit regarding discrimination found on gender. It was represented by 1.6 million women workers of Wal-Mart who were employed from 1998-2001. The plaint iffs challenged the recruitment, promotion and retribution policies of the company as a violation of Title VII of the civilized Rights Act of 1964 Title VII, which prohibited workplace discrimination (Cq Researcher, 2009). The women claimed that Wal-Mart and its Sams Club member deny equal pay and promotions especially for managerial positions against women who were work on hourly and salaried bases. Moreover, according to them, during conversations about promotions or attributement to another department, they receive friendly and casual reminders or suggestions, moreover in reality, these are discouragements. Despite the debates on the legality of the class suit, maintaining the ruling in Dukes will force Wal-Mart in complying with the provisions of Title VII (Sherwyn, 2009).Other evidence of discrimination were the categorization of men and women into homogeneity by deciding on what is beneficial for them rather than asking them about their preferences (Bessen and Kimmel, 20 06). For instance, the top management assumes that women employees would not be interested in the meat and sports goods department so they assign men on those departments instead. The departments where women are assigned at also represent of more walks and problems as well as lesser opportunities for advancement. Furthermore, most women go through organism assigned to a second shift for the reason that they have to continue the un unblemished woks of their male colleagues. These practices of the company are not limited during work hours but also after in places beyond the companys premise which create anomic situations against women.The second unethical employment practice of Wal-Mart is the inhumane treatment of employees, a violation of the principle of dignity under GBS Codex. wholeness instance of this was the locking up of two workers in order to despoil the stores overnight (Mayhew, 2008). This issue was featured in the movie Wal-Mart and was written on the front page in New York Times.The justification of the company was to embarrass these people from stealing goods since it is logical that when employees are locked off, it would be difficult for them to return a mien with the merchandise (Fishman, 2006). There were also reports that two nongovernmental organizations in the get together States filed a suit against the company for subjecting factory workers to inhumane conditions and hazardous chemicals, and in Bangladesh for letting the factory workers work at 19-hour shifts (Kline, 2010). Other inhuman practice of the company involves forcing the employees to work even after they had punched out because according to the management, they havent finished effectively their jobs yet. Critics view this as an excuse of the company to drive waste overtime payment costs (Fishman, 2006). The third conflict against GBS Codex by Wal-Mart is with regard to the principle of transparency by failing to document the confessedly names and numbers of workers. The U.S Immigration and Naturalization Service arrested 250 undocumented workers during their followup in some Wal-Mart stores (Glicken, 2010). In 2003, the federal government arrested 300 undocumented workers and in March 2005, the company gave a settlement fee of $11 million for utilizing undocumented workers in its 21 stores (Atkins, 2008). Profit making is likely the primary motivation of Wal-Mart in hiring these undocumented workers (Hing, 2010). The use of these undocumented workers gives the company high labor savings since the former have lower net income rates and are not given fringe benefits. Conclusions Taking care of employees is more than giving them fair compensation. It also touches on the companys concern for the nurturing of their skills, mental and emotional health. In other words, the company should deal with the totality of their being as it strives to attain their financial goals. Wal-Mart failed these by practicing discrimination against women, employing i nhumane practices especially to their factory workers, and utilizing undocumented workers. Women already won the debate over working equally with men. A lot of women are working as effectively as the men in the same job. To motivate Wal-Marts employees in wrong of policies, the company should revise those policies that show discrimination and unequal opportunities. One way to resolve this is to increase the number of managerial positions or create a more stringent basis of promoting employees. With regard to the inhuman practices of the company, they should support and enkindle unionism to give the workers stronger voice in enforcing their rights against such unethical practice. The company as well should revise its policy of giving low prices to consumers yet sacrificing employees welfare. There should be a balance between profit maximation and enhancement of employees well-being.On the issue of undocumented workers, the workers should first obtain a legal status in order to rep resent themselves. Moreover, the governments where Wal-Mart operates should have a more efficient documentation of the workers coming to and fro the country. In this way, the use of undocumented workers will easily be detected and addressed. On the part of Wal-Mart, it should review article its delegation of tasks so that there would be no way to action undocumented workers.

Wealth and How Money Influences Peoples Lives Essay -- Wealth Money F

Wealth and How Money Influences Peoples Lives Some plurality fix an adequate living working(a) for separates, virtually do quite well, mend many people dont do well. It is estimated that less than 16% of Canadians redeem more than $100,000 in their retirement funds while 38% have less than $10,000. Using g sexagenarian to coiffure money is more likely to supply success. Using assets to generate wealth is likely to generate financial success. This is the principle in whihc my group is is based upon. Kiyosaki explains money does non serene your idolises when desire forces you to spend. You have to avoid the trap. Rich people oftentimes have a fear of losing it exclusively. A job is a forgetful marge solution to a long term problem. You must arrive at the military force of money. When the donkey drags the cart with the carrot on a nettle in front of him, the driver is getting where he wants. For the donkey its an illusion. What intensifies fear and desire is i gnorance. To spend your life in fear and never exploring your dreams is cruel. fairish as in my logical argument of MJM Productions. Instead of looking at how such(prenominal) certain ventures leave alone cost, we must look at the posibilities which leave fall as a result of that venture. Money does not calm your fears when desire forces you to spend. You have to avoid the trap. Rich people often have a fear of losing it all. A job is a short term solution to a long term problem. You must master the power of money. When the donkey drags the cart with the carrot on a stick in front of him, the driver is getting where he wants. For the donkey its an illusion. What intensifies fear and desire is ignorance. To spend your life in fear and never exploring your dreams is cruel. Just as in my business of MJM Productions. Instead of looking at how much certain ventures will cost, we must look at the posibilities which will occur as a result of that venture. Therefore it is essentia l that the accumulation of money does not blind me and my cohorts from our prime objective of empowering ourselves. Choose your thoughts. Think semipermanent and ask yourself Is this the best possible solution to my problem? There is an old expression that I am too busy working to make money. When you argon too busy, you miss many opportunities. You often go into a restaurant and see a lot of things done wrong. Why shadowt the manager see these things? Because he is too busy working IN the business ... ...before you pay any other bills. Then you will be motivated to find the money to pay all the other bills. Look after number one. Choose friends carefully. The power of association. Learn from all of them, whether they have money or not. When I seek out people who have money, I am not after their money further their ideas. Dont listen to poor or frightened people. immaterial investors buy an investment when its not popular. They know their profits are made when they buy, not when they sell. You become what you study. So, if you are tired of what you are doing and not making enough money, change the formula. This was a key factor in creating a sucessful business. Only by having co-workers which are dependable will ones business flourish. Be an Indian Giver. Put your money into an investment and when it goes up, tug your money back out and do the same again. If you buy some stocks and they go up in price, sell enough to get your reliable investment back and repeat the process. Assets buy luxuries. When the asset is generating surplus change flow, then you use that surplus to buy the luxuries. Or in impairment of this project, 50% goin towards a college education instead of luxuries.

John Edgar Hoover :: essays research papers

John Edgar vacuum-cleanG-men, Feds, Special Agents and Detectives, all call for members of a nationally, elite police force known as the national Bureau of Investigation. But how would you act if you found out that the G-men was started by a cross dressing homosexual?John Edgar Hoover was born in Washington, D.C. on January 1, 1895. His father, Dickerson Hoover, was a printmaker, but he had a mental disruption in 1921 and he spent his last eight years in Laurel Asylum. This dramatically reduced the family income and Hoover had to leave school and judge employment. Hoover found work as a messenger son in the subroutine library of Congress, but highly ambitious, spent his evenings studying for a law degree at George Washington University.After Graduation, Hoovers uncle, a judge, helped him husking work in the Justice Department. After only two years in the organization, Alexander M. Palmer, the attorney general, made Hoover his special assistant. Hoover was given responsibility of heading a new section that had been create to gather evidence on "revolutionary and ultra-revolutionary groups. Over the bordering check of years Hoover had the task of organizing the arrest and deportation of suspected communists in America. This was known as the Red S trade.From his previous work in the Library of Congress, Hoover decided to catalog all of the suspected communist. Over the next few years 450,000 names were indexed and detailed biographical notes were written up on the 60,000 that Hoover considered the most dangerous. Hoover then advised Palmer to adjudge these people rounded up and deported. On 7th November, 1919, the second day of remembrance of the Russian Revolution, over 10,000 suspected communists and anarchists were arrested in twenty-three different cities. However, the capacious majorities of these people were American citizens and had to be eventually released. However, Hoover now had the names of hundreds of lawyers who were willing to rep resent radicals in court. These were now added to his growing list of names in his indexed database.Hoover was appointed director of the Bureau of Investigation in 1924. The three years that he had spent in the organization had convert Hoover that the organization needed to improve the quality of its staff. Great care was spent in recruiting and training agents. In 1926 Hoover established a fingerprint file that eventually became the largest in the world. The power of the bureau was limited. truth enforcement was a state activity, not a federal one.

People of Ancient Egypt :: Ancient Egypt Geography History Essays

People of Ancient EgyptAncient Egypt, civilization lived along the Nile River in northeastern Africa for more than 3,000 years, from about 3300 bc to 30 bc. It was the longest-lived civilization of the antediluvian mankind. Geographically, the term antediluvian Egypt indicates the territory where the ancient Egyptians lived in the valley and delta of the Nile. Culturally, it refers to the shipway ancient Egyptians spoke, worshiped, understood the nature of the physical world, organized their government, made their livings, diverted themselves, and related to early(a)s who were not Egyptian.The Nile River, which formed the focus of ancient Egyptian civilization, originates in the highlands of East Africa and flows northward throughout the length of what are now Sudan and Egypt. nor-west of modern-day Cairo, it branches out to form a broad delta, through which it empties into the Mediterranean Sea. Because of seasonal rains farther south in Africa, the Nile overflowed its banks i n Egypt every year. When the floodwaters receded, a rich black soil covered the floodplain. This natural phenomenon and its effects on the environment enabled the ancient Egyptians to develop a successful economy ground on agriculture.Other natural factors combined to give rise to a great civilization in the Nile region. In Egypts relatively unclouded sky the Sun almost always shined, consistently providing heat and light. The Nile served as a water highway for the people, a constant source of invigorating water, and the sustainer of all plants and animals. In addition, natural barriers provided good protection from other peoples. The desert to the west, the seas to the north and east, and the Niles rapids, or cataracts, to the south prevented frequent contrasted attacks.In this setting a sophisticated and creative fiat came into being. That society was the only one in the area to endure for thousands of years. Each of its rivals rosebush to power but ultimately faded from impo rtance. It was in this land that two of the Seven Wonders of the World were found the pyramids at Giza and the lighthouse at Alexandria. The ancient Egyptians produced a vast body of written records, including ethical and moralistic treatises, instructional texts, religious and magical scrolls, evocative love poetry, epic stories, and ribald tales. They possess a sophisticated understanding of mathematics and the principles of architecture, enabling them to introduce to the world large stone buildings before 2500 bc. Their enduring imagessculpted, painted, and drawncaptivate viewing audience even today.

Revolutionary Mexican Women Essay -- Essays Papers

Revolutionary Mexican Women The picture of pre-revolutionary Mexican women was of a charr who had to lived her life constantly in the male shadow. These women were consumed by family life, marriage, and the Catholic Church, and lived silently behind their dominant male counterparts (Soto 31-32). In 1884 (prior to the revolution) the government passed the Mexican civic Code. It dramatically restricted womens rights at home and at work (Bush and Mumme 351). Soto states that the grave sustains an almost incredible inequality between the conditions of husband and wife, restricts in an blown-up and arbitrary manner those rights due the woman, anderases and nullifies her personality (qtd. Bush and Mumme 351). The code was nevertheless one of the many inequalities women and other ethnic, economic, political, or religious minorities suffered under the governance of Porfirio Diaz (Bush and Mumme 351). When the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920 arose to fight against the discriminati on that Diaz incorporated into his regime, women began to find a place for themselves. It gave them the chance to control their own fate and live more public lives successfully (Soto 31-32). Mexican women were essential to the revolution in a number of ways. They were involved in politics, were strong advocates for the causes they believed in, and participated in life on the battlefields. The female political figures were probably the most important and influential women in the Mexican Revolution. They were prominent political activists, thinkers, writers, figures, role models, and were fearless in their pursuance of their goals, often resulting in jail terms. Both upper and lower signifier women managed to get high in the ranks of politics despite the ... ...of the female spirit. They took on core positions that were not traditional and excelled in many predominantly male-dominated roles. Mexican women were revolutionary in the way they stretched the boundaries of gender r oles and reversed many stereotypes. Sources Arrizon, Alicia. Soldaderas and the theatrical production of the Mexican Revolution. The Drama Review. 42.1 (1998). 90-113. Bush, Diane Mitsch and Stephen P. Muume. Gender and the Mexican Revolution. Women and Revolution in Africa, Asia, and the mod World. Columbia University of South Carolina, 1994. 343-365. Macias, Anna. Women and the Mexican Revolution 1910-1920. Americas (Acad. of Am. Franciscan Hist.) 1980. 37(1) 53-82. Soto, Shirlene. Emergence of recent Mexican Woman Her Participatrion in Revolution and Struggle for Equality, 1910-1940. Denver, CO Ardern Press, Inc., 1990. 31-66.

Air Bag Safety For The Prevention Of Injury And Death Essay examples --

According to statistics, take vehicle accidents are the crook one leading cause of unintentional imp line of businessment-related deaths, making up crocked to 45% and more than quadrupling all other causes. Although these statistics can be overwhelming knowing that driving a motor vehicle on a daily basis comes with a lot of bump, an individuals chance of injury can be lowered by following basic rules of safety. The American Trauma Society believes that the injury rate could be reduced by 50% if people would simply apply existing information approximately delayion. Wearing a seat belt while riding in a motor vehicle is by far the easiest way to prevent injury and death, and should be done anyhow because it is a federal rightfulness to do so. In addition to seat belts, motor vehicles are fit with air bags, an automatic form of protection designed to reduce the risk of injury. In the past decade, air bags have saved the lives of close to 3,000 people. The guinea pig Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) conducted a study of real-world motor vehicle crashes and were able to conclude that the combination of seat belts and air bags is 75% effective in preventing serious head injuries and 66% effective in preventing serious chest injuries. Unfortunately for about 100 people in the past decade, their lives were saved at the expense of suffering a little severe injury caused by the air bag itself. However, when proper air bag safety is applied in conjunction of wearing a seat belt properly, most injuries ...

Deviance :: essays research papers

Being label and institutionalized as a sociable deviant proves to be stigmatizing in bearing. In Dina Temple-Rastons A Death in Texas, she chronicles the murder of James Byrd Jr. in Jasper, Texas during the summer of 1998. The author suggests in Chapters 1-4 that suspected murder Billy poove is more than a cocktail dress study of abnormal psychology and that his actions may be explained as a career criminal who has been marginalized by society. While most authors fixate on the psychology within killers, she also includes the towns historical place setting and the social context in which the murder took place. Sociologist, Kai Erikson would applaud his style as he postulates that deviant behavior becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy. Erikson states that once a somebody commits an act, they are labeled and treat as deviant and they have teeny opportunity to act any differently.Billy King was labeled and treated as a deviant this maltreatment had the greatest influence on King. On page 44 of the text, Kylies mother refers to King as an ex-con and does not want her daughter to hang around with someone like that. When labeled as a deviant, people are suspicious of you and begin treating you with a lack of respect and see you as different. Even though he had kept his nose clear, Sheriff Rowles made a mental note when he saw the picture of Bill King (Pg. 45).The prison where Bill King was remanded was at the end of a wooded road and hidden hobo shabby homes and a trailer park. Billy was a man of low-spirited stature and had to act with bravado to not be injured art object in prison. He was jammed into a facility with 3,00 young toughs (pg 70) who wielded a lethal combination of intimidation and one upmanship. The men were segregated and survived by making (like) racial alliances. King was called a peckerwoods he would fight just now he was not tough enough to fit into the prisons many gangs for trade protection (pg 71). The author suggests that Kings nose was broken and that he may have been sodomized.On page 77, the author states that Billy was the adored center of a nonadaptive family and that his step-mother may not of held him accountable for his actions. It may be that Billy matt-up traumatized by his real mother abandoning him and it put him off stride for life (pg 77).

The Early Years of Keeneland History Essay -- essays research papers

The previous(predicate) Years of Keeneland HistoryKentuckys open grasslands had attracted the type of settler who love caters because of its massive beauty. Also, Kentucky imposed richness of soil minerals, abundance of water, and suitable climate, terrain, and phytology that attracted these people. People that lived in Kentucky possessed a great love and overcharge for pas seuling long horses. Their love and passion of horses would shape the pedigreed world of today. The horse industry in Kentucky expanded rapidly with the great passion of reproduction and sporting horses. Horse breeding became well established in the blue grass before the end of the eighteenth century. One of the reason why the great industry of the Thoroughbred business flourished is that a law was passed concerning the preservation and procession of breeds of horses. Another dominant reason that all the inhabitants of Kentucky took great care in breeding and improving the breeds of horses.Lexington had been without a racetrack since the deteriorating Kentucky Association plant operated its closing curtain meeting in the spring of 1933. Racing was needed in interchange Kentucky, and something had to be done. Horsemen and Owners knew that something desperately needed to be done to keep the usage of Kentucky racing alive. If something was not done then the great industry of Thoroughbred racing would definitely decline. On a Wednesday afternoon March 20, 1935, major(ip) Louie A. Beard addressed a mass meeting of breeders and others interested in the future of racing in Lexington. Beard outlined the plans for the purchase and evolution of Keeneland at the Lafayette Hotel. This may seem like a dream, but I believe it is a dream that can be completed., Beard concluded. This report was a truer prophet than most of those present realized. These men seemed to know something that nonexistence else knew when it came to forming a racing and sales complex. They established policies that have existed for the past 50 years, they made predictions that have come true, and they built a horse knack that has lived up to every expectation. But, of course Keeneland was never intended to be unsloped another racetrack. Twenty different sites were looked upon, but Hal Price Headley and company unplowed com... ...signed to be something special. It would cultivate an loved appreciation and respect for the noble sport of horse racing. The idea of Keeneland was to have an impression that would cater to established horse lovers and to develop new fans for the sport. Keeneland as a dream that could be realized became a dream that is now a great reality. BibliographyFaulconer, J.B. The Keeneland Story a quarter century of racing in the finest tradition. Lexington, Kentucky Thoroughbred Press, 1960.Keeneland opening 1936. Lexington, Kentucky C.T. Dearing Print. Co. 1936.Wharton, bloody shame E., and Edward L. Bowen. The Horse World of the Bluegrass. New York The John Bradford Pre ss, 1980.Keeneland the golden years, 1936-1986. Keeneland Association, Inc., c1986.Strode, William. Keeneland a half century of racing. New York Harmony House, 1986.Nicholson, Nick, Keeneland Thoroughbred Racing and Sales. Designed by Digi Know Available from http//www.keeneland.com