Personal Construct of Leading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Personal Construct of Leading - Essay modelThis includes the wisdom to develop an organizational vision, good communication skills, knowing ones skills and employing it, ability to seat and motivate his/her subordinates, able to establish trust by being reliable and constantly competitive, creativeness and resourcefulness.The dispute of having outstanding leading skills in managers continuously increases as a import of the tight competition in domestic and international markets. A good managerial leadership is important since it could lead to the success and favourableness of the company. In most cases, effective leadership skills could enhance the business operations. In line with having an efficient working(a) system, a company could reduce its unnecessary working(a) be due to mismanagement and other operational errors due to miscommunication and lack of a structured operational system. The savings that could be derived from establishing good leadership skills could result to the increases in the revenue generation of a company.Leadership in management also has a parting in retaining the best talents at bottom the business organization. Failure to put up a good leadership within the business organization could result to a lot of dissatisfied employees. Losing these talents could be very costly because of the costs of training and developing new employees to adapt with the mission and vision of the company.Over the years, a lot of philosophers have come to develop a lot of leadership theories in order to enable these organizations to have the cognition of the different types of leadership strategy. Some of these organizations would even go through a trial-and-error so as to determine which among the existing leadership theories is the best and effective strategy. Trail-and-errors in determining the most effective leadership strategy should be avoided. Businesses organizations today are already facing a lot of internal and

About alcohol and drug regulation(Writer's Choice to determine the Essay

About inebriant and drug regulation(Writers Choice to determine the topic, but in this direction) - Essay Examplegenetic models of alcoholism should business relationship for the clinical findings. In connection to this, the paper will expound on various reasons as to wherefore there is a genetic portion in alcoholism.Evidence for the presence of a genetic factor in alcoholism arises from many diverse sources. For instances, family studies, twin studies as hearty as separation studies on adoptees and half sibs confirms that there is a genetic factor in alcoholism. Studies of genetic linkage are as well as the most direct way of justifying that the presence of a genetic factor in alcoholism. The studies were enhanced by the investigations on physiological as well as biochemical processes that were relevant to alcoholism as well as having genetic bases. From the findings of the studies, it was evident that the alcoholism runs in families. According to Collins, Leonard and Searles (40), the percentage of alcoholism is truly heights in relatives of alcoholics compared to other persons. Most family studies also evidenced that rates of alcoholism was significantly higher in subjects born to alcoholic fathers.Psychiatric conditions manifested in the etiology of alcoholism also play a very significant role in the study of the genetic involvement in alcoholism. For instance, for many years antisocial personalities has been associated with adult alcoholism. This has also been evidenced by the clinical and family studies that have been carried on alcoholism. The existence of antisocial spirit is often associated with earlier age of drinking as well as earlier age of habitue drinking. According to Collins, Leonard and Searles (41), earlier onset of drinking alcohol has a genetic influence and, as a result, leads to familial alcoholism.Childrens conduct also plays a very significant role in analyze familial alcoholism. In most occasions, children born to alcohol ic parents portray aggressive behavior. For instance, it is evident that the majority of them is hyperactive as well as portrays conduct

The Useful Tool Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Useful Tool - Essay ExampleSimilarly, competitors should also be taken into notice when setting up prices i.e. a product which has the same quality but higher(prenominal) price than its competitors product then it would not be preferred by the trade segments. Products of higher quality should be specified higher prices than other products of lower quality. This helps the organization to attract much customers towards it and the benefit that the customers want to buy the best thing increases the revenue of the organization. A lot of products being change by the organization are sold at a much-reduced price than buying the separate products. This reference of set is known as bundle determine. Moreover, at times the organization place the prices of the products $1 less than the significant figure which also helps them to attract customer towards it. This type of pricing is known as the psychological pricing. Lastly, the organization tends to sell additional products with the o riginal products and specify an slender price for both of these products. This gives them an progress over other competitors which only offer the desired product without any additional one. This type of pricing is known to be optional pricing. All these pricing together help the organizations to develop pricing strategies according to the structure of the market. Furthermore, the products being sold at the market are usually attracted by the exact prices they are being sold at. And the organizations should have a particular interest in this approach to the market mix.

BUS 171A Project 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

BUS 171A Project 2 - testify ExampleIt is being anticipated by economists and pundits that BIT will bequeath the United States and China essential benefits (including the strengthening of the Sino-American relations) as the US and the Peoples Republic of China prepare to meet in the July 9-10 US-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue in Beijing.On the side of China, Barshefsky and Yongtu divulge that China has grown its radical declivity of foreign and direct investing in the United from zero to 17 billion US dollars, between 2000 and 2012. 4 billion US dollars proceed to the US from China in the year 2012 alone. Interestingly, patronage all these humongous gains, China further accounts for less than 1% of the FDI in America. All the benefits and potential for investment growth are also likely to catalyse job creation and catapult the US providence onwards (Barshefsky and Yongtu, 31).Conversely, US firms have also built its presence in China. In 2012 alone, the total stock of t he American FDI in China rose to 70 billion US dollars. Nevertheless, the US government only accounts for 3% of Chinas internal FDI. This is a tiny fraction of what ought to be the case, should market barriers be removed. That the BIT talks are likely to be successful is underscored by the fact that in 2013, chapiter and Beijing Administrations had met and agreed to effect nondiscriminatory treatment of Chinese and American investors in all trade sectors passim all stages of development- from the pre-establishment stage to the conclusion

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Microeconomics - see ExampleIt is well known that when there is a draught there will be piddle shortage, and when there is pissing shortage there will be spells of draught.The effects of draught usher out be linked with meteorological, hydrological, or agricultural aspects and it is a major influence on the social and economic activities of a given region. The role of water in natural calamities is paramount. Heavy downpours cause flood, and scarcity of rain forego to drought. Continued spells of draught results in shortage of water in the region. These two phenomena are beyond humane control and their aftermaths have long lasting effects on the economy of a nation. Drought can be attributed to proximity to equator, geographic position, and the lack of greenbelt in a region. When a nation is mutually beneficial on agriculture for their economic growth, unexpected seasonal changes hamper their future prospects. During drought there is scarcity of water and continuous heat wave, which damages crop and livestock. Deforestation and reduced greenbelt are as well as conducive to drought and desertification. Thus, shortage of water can be construed as the one of the major reasons for drought.water system is the most abundant natural resource. Yet, the planet is running out of fresh water sources. The rapid increase in world commonwealth and recurrence of drought further aggravate the situation. It is estimated that by 2025 two-thirds of worlds population could live in countries with severe water shortage. (Icenhower, June 2006). Though drought is an imminent danger, people tend to withdraw it as a normal part of the climatic condition. With expanding deserts, deforestation, and growing droughts, compounded with increasing demand of freshwater for human consumption, everyone should be concerned about the potential worldwide calamity caused by diminishing water supply. Due to the random nature of its

Lincoln Electric Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lincoln electrical - Case Study ExampleAs the discussion stressesone of the major(ip) contributing factors towards the success of Lincoln Electric is its flexibility. The company does non believe in maintaining an official administration chart in order to offer high flexibility. The companys easy and less complicated constitution support s employees to go to anyone whom they think to be proficient enough in providing solutions to their problems oblation a flexible organizational structure. Flexibility is considered to be an important factor for the success of any organization. Employees or oeuvreers should be given enough flexibility to work according to their own ways and convenience in order to be productive ensuring the superiority of the end products.This paper highlights thatan easy and less complex policy would remove the barriers among the workers and the executives and would facilitate smooth communication. Communication is quite important in organizations so that the problems can be communicated to the concerned person and measures can be immediately taken to find a solution without for the most part hampering the manufacturing functions.The company does not have any special policies or perks for the executives which promotes a mavin of equality among the employees and in turn encourages a sense of responsibility in them.The company handed over the control of attention to various teams which facilitate them with the right to take decisions when necessary. This ensures a smooth flow of work, as employees need not wait for others to take decisions and then having to act accordingly. This triggers in them a sense of responsibility to perform wagerer (Willcoxson, 2011). Another important factor is that employees be entitled to profit sharing as well as stock options based on individual as well as team performance (McGee & Et. Al., 2006). Employees are influenced to bring forward innovative ideas by the management which would enhance their produ ctivity. The company constantly invests on teach as well as educating the employees to make certain effectual contributions towards business performance. The responsibilities given to the employees are besides considered as significant factor. They include pay cuts and penalties in case of absenteeism which instill a sense of responsibility, the workers cogitate to production needs to provide assurance regarding the quality of individual piece produced by them or else no payment is made against it and finally there are only few supervisors owing to which team work is promoted without any detailed supervision. Thus, the above mentioned factors can be considered as the major contributing factors for the companys superior performance (Lussier, 2008).Understanding of the Factors Responsible for High PerformanceThe high performance of Lincoln Electric is reliant on many external as well as internal factors. Flexibility, communication, incentive structure, policies, sense of equality a nd responsibility are the most important contributing

Brand Terrorism - a Powerful Corporate Responsibility Research Proposal

Brand terrorism - a Powerful Corporate Responsibility - Research Proposal ExampleMost companies are carrying away eco-promising activities on websites, advertisements, and on the products themselves. These eco-promises can focus a particular issue such as fundamental or focus on the inputs characteristics such as chemical-free.The proliferation of both eco-labels and environmental claims ca handling confusion to umteen customers. This confusion creates uncertainty to customers about the claims to trust and when deciding the best way of making environmentally companionate purchases (Blowfield and Murray 2011, p. 56). Currently, many companies, spotting this issue are working to pay backher with governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to ensure that business organizations use convincingly and honest labeling, and eco-promising principle. It is my hope that this report provides an essential and useful basis that will help eradicate this brand terrorism issue. The rep ort also concludes with some recommendations that companies and consumers must follow and practices in order to get rid of this on-going collaboration and dialogue.The issue of brand terrorism/greenwashing has risen dramatically in recent years. The accelerating turn of events of bolds commitments in high-profile organizations evidence this. Greenwashing refers to the practices carried out by many companies to make misleading or unsubstantiated environmental claims to benefit their products, go, or technology. Greenwashing tends to make an organization a more environmentally friendly more than unfeignedly it does. Companies also use this practice to create a difference between its products and those of its competitors by promising that their products and services have a more efficient power use or are cost-effective. The organization should cling to the significance of the brand.This has highly increased the need to communicate about the environmental attributes to customers con cerning the products and services they purchase. This drive involves claims to purify environmental credentials. Many companies are currently trying to improve product sourcing in relation to tilt and forest, and cleaner production processes as well as the use of low harmful chemicals. In addition, near companies are taking steps to decrease the environmental footprint.

Poetry Comparing and Contrasting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Poetry Comparing and Contrasting - Essay ExampleFrom the cardinal poems, To His Coy Mistress and Those Winter Sundays, both Marvell and Hayden use narrators as opposed to giving their own thoughts, to face the prevailing state of affairs. In the case of To His Coy Mistress, Marvell uses the title of the poem to outline the state of affairs of a young gay who writes a plea to a young wo cosmos. In this case, the young man seduces the young lady to manage him. However, Marvell has incorporated the possessive pronoun his to describe the young man and his desire to stimulate the love of a young mistress. The termination coy reveals to the audience that it is not possible for the young man to interact with the young woman as she resists his advances. It also refers to the female equivalent of a master. In the poem, the term Coy appears similar to a sweetheart or a lady who the young man is seducing to promote her heart. Similarly in his poem Those Winter Sundays, Hayden portrays an adult male speaker who has grown up, and establishs memories regarding how his catch showed the love he had for him based on his actions. In particular, the persona remembers how his father used to wake up on Sundays early in the morning to light the furnace fire. He awakened his son after the room was ready enough for him. Line 12 states that the male childs father polished the good shoes that belonged to his son, an interpretation that he will take his son to church. This is the case because he used to make his son bore his good shoes on Sunday. Therefore, it is true that the boys father took moral upbringing of his boy seriously.For the two personae, the difference between them is evident when in the case of Those Winter Sundays, the personas father makes a lot of sacrifice for him, but the boy only realizes later in life that he failed to appreciate his efforts. It is now too late, as the boy cannot go back in time to show appreciation to his father based the sacrificed

Envisioning America & What Caused the Pueblo Revolt Essay - 7

Envisioning America & What Caused the Pueblo Revolt - Essay ExampleThere was no skirmish ground between them which fin entirelyy ended in the Pueblo nauseate. According to Mancall, Richard Hakluyt the elder, a prominent London lawyer, succinctly described the rationale for those efforts. After enumerating the varied rewards, he further stated three goals of colonization. 1. To plant Christian religion 2.To trafficks 3.To conquer.(p.1) Weber states, Pueblos religious beliefs were more important than Apache raids or drought in causing them to revolt (p. 22). In his review of Weberss book Lorraine Coops writes, Primary sources also help the students to get inside the heads of large number in the past--to try and understand individuals motivations and experiences from their perspective. Peeling away the layers of the colonial facade can help students come up both sides of the story. If our goal as teachers is to make history real to the students, then primary sources need to be incor porated into our work.The goal of the colonists was selfish. They did not arrive with friendly intentions. But something unexpected also happened which worked to the tremendous evil of the American Indians. Mancall observes, When the Spaniards moved across the Atlantic, they became the first Europeans to unleash deadly diseases among the native peoples of the Americas.(p.5) The American Indians suffered exploitation from all ends, people starved and many thousands died of diseases, for which they had no immunity or medicines.Considering the Pueblo revolt Is there any live for disagreement within each group? Did the Pueblos have cause to support the Spanish? Were there Spaniards who contrasted the subjugation of the Pueblos (or at least the way(s) in which people told the stories of conquest and subjugation)? Would a common Spanish pass relate the same story as a Captain? A New Mexican colonist and a Franciscan friar?No room for disagreement

The Dark Side of Online Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Dark Side of Online Education - Essay ExampleThe OU of United Kingdom, Indhira Gandhi topic Open University (IGNOU) of India etc are some famous open universities in which internet is the principal medium of delivering educational materials. Online education provides a capacious range of courses and detecting centers for the students to choose from, which in turn provides them with the opportunity to learn according to their tastes and visions. The convenience of learning right from their homes is yet an different feature of online education. It provides an environment just meet to that of a social networking website where they plenty discuss the stuff regarding their subject with peers from diverse regions. Students can fix the agenda and pace of their learning. This imparts a great liberty for professionals and people who have other commitments. It gives them an international exposure and connections with experts in the subjects of regard from all over the globe. However, one cannot disregard the disadvantages of online education period intend to step into it. The inlet of the Montgomery College, Maryland which is a famous online education center describes the demerits of online education. According to them, online courses are more long than on-campus classes. Here the interaction with the instructor is virtual in the practical sense. The communication takes place either through and through fingers, that is, by typing or through webcams. Both increase the time require for learning procedures. at that place is a possibility for students to procrastinate learning if they are pursuing online courses because the schedules are flexible. This puts the very concept of comely learning at doubt. Such courses appeal for time-management skills of the students deeply and whitethorn invoke a sense of closing off in them. There are no restrictions posed on the learner, which in one sense may sound as a positive aspect, but it can eventually turn out to be a n ill-effect because there is a chance that the learner drop off from the learning and concentrate on other activities which can adversely affect his/her results. The service that students receive from their instructors ends in gaining the subject knowledge wherein lack of guidance, methods of study, planning etc. occur (Montgomery College). There are various technical requirements also that one has to consider while going for online education. The unavailability of any of these resources can badly affect the progress in learning. Gary W. James, a bodily trainer at Allen Communication describes this aspect. According to James, limited formatting of content in most of the browsers of nowadays is a menace in online learning. Limitations in bandwidth, web browser and even the system configuration can inversely affect learning as graphics videos, sounds etc form an important part of online learning. Time required for downloading the course materials sometimes goes to large extents. As sessment and feedback regarding students take place rather rarely. According to James, most of the online courses of today are comparatively less interactive (2-3). Lisa Kirtman of California State University, Fullerton conducted a deep comparative study regarding the learning outcomes of online education as well as in campus education. She says that there had been a steadfast emergence in the number of students

Discussion 11- economics- span of control Assignment

Discussion 11- economics- match of control - Assignment ExampleInitially, Windows CE targeted handheld computers. However, with the purchase of Web TV networks Microsoft will be able to make Windows CE an operating governing body for the whole consumer electronic world. The new operating system would conquer the electronic world from cable set purloin boxes to DVD players to internet telephones. Integrating Windows CE and Web TV will make consumer electronic companies such as Sony and Phillips to adopt windows CE as their multi-purpose operating system for their products. Purchasing Web TV would make Microsoft continue to stay on top of the market because the new smart consumer goods would be cheaper but only operate on Microsoft platforms.The main sweep up of control issues that may face the purchase of WebTV by Microsoft mainly relate to coordination of functions and divisions of the new company. Since Microsoft is buying WebTV technologies, coupling of control issues might in clude hierarchy of authority in term of coordinating subordinates. Since Microsoft may liquid service from WebTV in managing the new technologies, a major broom of control issue would be to coordinate activities of people, functions and divisions with a clear hierarchy of authority. However, proper integrations and agreements during the purchase can help control some of the span of control

Cloning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cloning - Essay ExampleBy discussing these to the full extent, we will be able to come to a more conclusive and knowledgeable target area on this subject of interest. The aim of this paper is to discuss of this, as well as the other headst unmatched concomitantors in regards to this issue. This is what will be dissertated in the following.The term clone is literally referred to as using specialize deoxyribonucleic acid technology to produce multiple, exact copies of a single gene or other section of deoxyribonucleic acid to obtain enough material for further study. (CDC, 2006). The process itself is actually referred to as copy DNA, and the resulting cloned (or copied) collections of DNA molecules are called clone libraries. In more simple terms, cloning is the process of creating an identical copy of something original. In the cloning of a gene, there must be extraction from one gene from an organism and store that into other organism, where it can then be used and studied . There is in any case a related proficiency to this which is called subcloning, which refers to the transferring of a gene from one plasmid into another, again for further study.Cloning is the process of making a genetically identical organism through nonsexual means. Although the idea of cloning may seem preferably revolutionary to some, it has in fact been around for some while. It has been used for many years to produce plants (in fact even growing a plant from a cutting is a type of cloning). The terms recombinant DNA technology, DNA cloning, molecular cloning, or gene cloning all refer to the same process the transfer of a DNA fragment on interest from one organism to a self-repli spilling genetic element such as a bacterial plasmid. This technology has been around since the 1970s, and it has become a common practice in molecular biology labs today. (Cloning incident Sheet, 2006). When the media report on cloning in the news, they are usually only talking about one type of cloning, which is called reproductive cloning. However, there are many different forms of cloning, including human cloning, animal cloning, and cellular cloning. As for reproductive cloning, it is a technology which is used to generate an animal that has the same DNA as another currently or previously existing animal. The majority of reproductive cloning has so far been time-tested and tested on animals, with the modern cloning techniques involving nuclear transfers being successfully performed on several species. These trim down mark experiments in chronological order areTadpole (1952)Carp (1963) Sheep (1986)Rhesus monkey Tetra (female, January 2000)oxen Alpha and Beta (males, 2001) and (2005) BrazilCat Copycat CC (female, late 2001), Little Nicky (2004) was the first cat cloned for commercial reasonsMule Idaho Gem (2003)Horse Prometea (2003)Human (2005)Dog Snuppy (2005)The recent success in cloning animals has sparked fierce debates among scientists, politicians and the general public about the use and morality of cloning plants, animals and possibly humans. Although some debate that cloning can be used for many positive reasons, such as to preserve and outgrowth the number of various endangered species, others are outraged at the misuse and mistreatment of science. Currently the most successful cloning technique is that of the somatic cell nuclear transfer. This is the same cloning technique which allowed Dolly the sheep to be cloned, is also the same technique used by ACT - the first company to

Evidence-Based Practice Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words - 2

Evidence-Based Practice Project - Research Paper ExampleWhen a patient is on dialysis, circulation of the blood is on one side of a semipermeable membrane, while, on the other side, a surplus dialysis fluid is circulated. Blood composition essential be closely matched by the dialysis fluid. Urea and creatinin, metabolic flub products, are diffused done the dialysis fluid membrane and discarded, while necessary substance diffusion is prevented by its presence in the dialysis fluid. (Answers.com). Dialysis treatment is demanding for the patient, as they must spend four hours during thrice weekly sessions qualified up to these machines. (Sonnier, 2000, p. 5). Because patients must observe strict dietary and fluid restrictions, there is a great fatality rate rate that is directly related to non-adherence with the dietary and fluid restriction protocol.Patients must self-care when they are on dialysis, and must comply with their prescribed regimen that is assigned to them when the y start dialysis for the first time. Self-care and compliance are different, yet related, terms. in that respect are reasons why patients do not self-care or comply correctly with their prescribed health regimen, and there are solutions that have been put forth. The solutions include increased education about the necessity of self-care, empowerment through education regarding how to self-care and behavioural modification. Self-care is defined as the patients deliberate actions regulating his/her functioning and development for health and well-being. (Ricka, et al., 2002, p. 329). Self-care is apt(p) to the patients survival and well-being.Compliance is a related term, what that focuses mainly on the correlation between medically prescribed therapeutic regimen compliance and the outcome behaviours. (Ricka, et al., 2002, p. 331). Dietary factors that require compliance include regulating protein inhalation limiting electrolytes, such as potassium and sodium taking vitamin supplemen ts and lowering fluid

Leadership and management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leadership and management - Assignment exemplar......................... 6 3.0 Application of Theory and Analysis ................................................................ 7 4.0 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 8 5.0 Recommendations .............................................................................................. 8 References ................................................................................................................ 10 rise There is no denying the fact that contradicts tend to be the integral aspects of constitutions that are given to performing in team scenarios (Pammer & Killian 2009). People do enter into conflicts with each other over a range of gelds and differences. However, it is assertable to manage conflicts in a way that does not lead to jeopardizing of the personal and organisational relationships and that optimizes the organizational proc edure (Pammer & Killian 2009). Yet, it is also a fact that organizational conflicts if mishandled could lead to the vitiation of the organizational environment and could seriously harm the organizational productivity and efficiency. The given report tends to analyze a conflict scenario at the Reindeer Solutions. The bureauicular conflict situation pertains to the issue being faced by the management, HR and the senior accountant Julia in an organization named Reindeer Solutions. ... The particular situation is associated with a senior accountant, Julia, who has been working at the Reindeer Solutions since the past fivesome years. Of late the senior manager Anthony has noticed many mistakes and flaws in the work submitted by Julia. Anthony tried to dissertate things with Julia, but the situation still remained the same. On deeper enquiry, Anthony learnt that Julia is right now facing some domestic issues that shoot her time and attention and thereby she is not able to focus on her work. Anthony does not want to fall behind Julia as she is an immensely experienced and skilled employee, yet he also wants to improve the things at the office. Anthony discussed the issue with HR Administrator Victoria. They agreed that the situation was serious as any serious flaws on the part of Julia could harm the business. So they decided to bring the HR Assistant Murphy and HR Officer Noel on board. These quadruplet administrators discussed the issue and came to the conclusion that losing Julia would be a serious mistake. Hence, they decided to offer Julia a petty(prenominal) post on a temporary basis, so as to allow her to focus more on the home front. The whole objective of this step was to place Julia in a relatively soft slope till she tides over the rough patch on the domestic front, and then restore her to her original position. These four administrators organized a meeting with Julia and offered to her the contrived plan. However, Julia got extremely disturbed and annoyed at this proposal. She got really sore and said that this solution practically amounts to be a demotion and that her pride forbade her from agreeing to a junior post. This gave way to a conflict scenario between the management, HR and Julia. The manager and the HR personnel tried to

Prenatal Dangers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Prenatal Dangers - Essay Example2448). The study was conducted by doctors at an urban teaching hospital and the research subjects included three ascorbic acid and seventy-six pre-school children. Of these children, one hundred and ninety experienced fetal brain exposures to cocaine and one hundred and eight-six did not experience such(prenominal) exposure. The main testing standards were related to intellectual quotient measurements more specifically, the study employed the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence-Revised measurements for determinations of outcomes. The findings were rather interesting.As an initial matter, this study was pursued because of inconsistent results regarding the longer-term consequences of antepartum cocaine exposure. The findings in this case, dealing only with the personal effects noticed in a childs initial four-year lifespan, were seemingly mild in certain ways. In many an(prenominal) respects, the study found that fetal brain exposure to cocaine did not cause a trim full-scale intelligence quotient, did not cause lower scores or verbal performance generally, and did not cause any significant differences in performance. On the other hand, there were some findings which suggested that the potential dangers of prenatal drug exposure, in this case cocaine, were real.

Bowlbys research Essay Example for Free

Bowlbys research EssayThe paternal deprivation hypothesis was developed in contribute second world war cadence and Bowlbys research was found on peasantren that were extremely traumatized, having possibly lost both p atomic number 18nts at war. As a result a lot of children ended up in institutions which more than apt(predicate) had substandard conditions and numerous untrained c bers. It is very all-important(prenominal) to bear in mind the context of that time as there was a national need for family life to be recreated and stabilised after the war. Thus, Bowlbys maternal deprivation hypothesis was interpreted as an opposition to the employment of women with young children and therefore the use of day-care facilities. It is important to acknowledge that Bowlby was primarily concerned with the welfare of children and that his theory of maternal deprivation played a wide role in reforming child care practices by pointing out the damaging effect of been cared for by numerou s staff.In the years since however, the maternal deprivation hypothesis has been largely discredited in light of accompanying research which suggests that some separation, for example some time in a high quality day-care, whitethorn not necessarily chip in long-term effects on future relationships. Bowlbys monotropic prototype of attachment has similarly been highly criticised as recent evidence is revealing that children do form attachments with more than superstar adult, in particular with fathers, siblings and other adult carers with whom they have developed a stable relationship.Research has carryn that children generally choose their fathers company to the company of a stranger. According to Lewis (1986) the attachment bond among a father and child is dependant on the quality of their relationship, that is, a child with a sensitive father that is focused on their needs will develop a stronger attachment bond with them. Nonetheless, in times of distress infants are more likely to seek out the comfort of their mother over their father (Lamb, 1981).Given the ever-changing times and the steady increase in the proportion of working mothers, it is necessary to focus more on the effects of multiple attachments and specifically to the childs relationship with adult caregivers other than parents and relatives. Studies however, carried out by Tizard and Rees (1975) and Tizard and Hodges (1978) caution that piece of music children can be cared for and attached to more than one adult, having a large number of caregivers may have an adverse effect on their ability to develop close relationships.Bowlbys maternal deprivation hypothesis was nurture developed by the work of Mary Ainsworth (1969), who devised a method for observing and appraiseing the attachment behaviour babies vaunt towards their mothers/caregivers. This is known as the Strange Situation (ED209 TV4 programme) and is essentially a method for measuring a one year-olds attachment to its mother a nd assessing how the child reacts to separation and more importantly to reunion with its mother when placed in a slightly stressful home. Briefly, the experiment involves taking mother and child to a strange agency and observing the childs responses to the introduction of a stranger, the mothers departure, reunion with the mother, leaving the child completely for a few minutes in the room (most stressful event), and leaving the child alone with the stranger. Researchers classify the maternal-child attachment relationship based on the childs behaviour during reunion with the mother.Ainsworth suggests that attachment relations fall into three categories securely attached, perilous-avoidant and unfixed-ambivalent infants. Sometimes an additive category (disorganised) has been used. According to Ainsworth securely attached infants explore freely when their mother is present and use her as a secure base when a stranger appears. They greet her warmly on reunion and show a clear pre ference for her over the stranger. Children who do not behave this way, for example by clinging (insecure-ambivalent) or been more detached (insecure-avoidant) during reunion with their mother, are described as insecurely attached.Ainsworth et al (1978) believed that children who are dislocated from their mother, for example children who attend day-care, are likely to form insecure attachments. This is supported by Belsky (1988) who, it is interesting to note, rewrite his conclusions regarding the consequences of placing children in non-maternal day-care. Initially, he believed that day care did not effect a childs attachment to his/her mother, however later on in his review of a number of US studies, he concluded that children who are subjected to more than twenty dollar bill hours a week of non-maternal day-care in their first year of life are at risk of developing insecure attachments.It is important to note that although the strange situation technique has been widely used b y Belsky and others to assess the quality of a childs attachment to its caregiver, it may not however be the best method for analyse children who develop day care with those who do not. Belskys conclusions regarding day-care have been disputed by Clark-Stewart (1988) who argues that the differences in attachment styles between infants attending non-maternal day-care for less than twenty hours a week and more than 20 hours a week are not large enough to conclude that working mothers put their children at risk of suffering from psychological problems.Furthermore, she points out that children who attend day care are used to separation and therefore react other than on reunion with their mothers than children who are with their mothers all day. Thus, children may appear detached not because they are insecure but because they are more independent and more accustomed to been separated from their mother (Clark-Stewart, 1988) .Like Bowlby, Ainsworth believed in a universal model of attach ment however, evidence from cross- ethnic research on secure and insecure attachments carried out by Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) revealed cultural differences in the mother-child relationship. This evidence questions the validity of using the strange situation method to measure and compare attachment in different cultures. For example, children from Japan showed intense distress in the strange situation when separated from their mother, as in their culture children are never left alone at twelve months.These cultural differences highlight the importance of moving away from a universal model of attachment towards a more cultural perspective. Bowlbys ethnocentric perspective, which sees the biological mother as the all-important psyche for the infants first attachment, has received a lot of criticism and has been branded as a Western cultural construction by some psychologists. It is interesting to note that out of 186 non-industrial societies Weisner and Gallimore (1977) f ound that, in only quintuple of these societies was the child (almost) solely looked after by the mother Moreover, research carried out in different countries showed the granny knot as having a special and unique attachment to the child due to her long life experience and wisdom (Tyszowka, 1991) thereby lending support to a more polyadic model of attachment.

Ambassadors Essay Example for Free

Ambassadors EssayMavromati Panayiotis Karafotias IREL-480-9 For my paper I decided to write virtually the embassadors of Denmark, The United States of America and Uruguay. His excellence Mr. Tom Norring, the ambassador of Denmark, was unitary of the ambassadors to come this semester. He decided to focus his deli genuinely not on his country but more on the global financial crisis and how it affected Grecian economy. He said that even with come to the fore the crisis the situation in Greece would have been messy. Despite the fact that Maastricht Treaty allows the gross internal product deficit in European countries not more than 3% Greece had deficit 6-7%.Ambassador said that in 2006-2007 the government of Kostas Karamanlis managed to restrain the deficit to the acceptable level, but later in 2008 they failed. Karamanlis hoped that he would be reelected and he promised to restrain the deficit, but people lost faith in him. Later George Papandreou revealed the new informatio n about the deficit. The deficit for that time was not 8% but 12%. And thus the rescue program was formal by the European Union. So Greece took course to the EU and the IMF. They wanted a hard cash and the EU and IMF tried to help with it. Then the restructuring fund was established.The public expenses had to be cut. As ambassador said Greece has bingle of the biggest public administrations and the cutting of public sector expenses will help to decrease the deficit. He also pointed out that 25% of Greek economy is black economy. The only one thing which he said about his country was that the Denmark is not the part of Eurozone. One of the reasons I enjoyed the speech of Danish ambassador was because he seemed real honest when talking about the topic. When giving his speech, he gave personal examples and continuously referred to the audience.The second ambassador was the ambassador of Uruguay, his Excellency Mr. Jose Luis Pombo Morales. He decided to focus his speech on his count ry and its relations with Greece and other European countries. Mr. Jose Luis Pombo Morales, talked about political system in Uruguay, that it is arepresentative democraticrepublic with apresidential system. Also, he told us that, the members of government are elected for a five-year terms by a universal joint suffragesystem. Uruguay is aunitary state justice, education, health, security, foreign policy, defence are all administered nationwide.The Executive supply is exercised by thepresidentand acabinetof 13 ministers. Plus to that, Mr. Ambassador talked about Uruguay as one of the biggest wool and meat exporter to the EU countries. Mr. Jose Luis Pombo, told the audience, that Uruguay is one of the most economically developed countries in South America, with a highGDPper capita and the 52nd highestquality of life indexin the world. Uruguay is rated as the 2nd least deject country inLatin America(behindChile), although Uruguay scores considerably better than Chile on domestic polls of corruption perception.Its political and labour conditions are the highest level of freedom on the continent. The third ambassador, I want to talk about, is the ambassador of the United States of America, his Excellency Mr. Daniel Smith. Ambassador focused his speech on Greek- Turkish relations and financial crisis. His speech was very diplomatic, and tried to keep neutrality, when some students asked him questions about problems in Libya and Greek-Turkish conflicts. But, Mr. Smith, gave very clear idea, about the USA and its foreign relations. Also

The Canterbury Tales Essay Example for Free

The Canterbury Tales EssayWhat do we learn well-nigh religion from studying the general prologue of The Canterbury Tales, With reference to two of the characters, the prioress and the Monk? Geoffrey Chaucer was born(p) in 1340, his family were from London. Chaucer became a page in royal court and was educated with highly experience of nation around him from the very rich to the ordinary working man helped him to write the Canterbury Tales. The Canterbury Tales is a framework story. It is about a group of pilgrims who go on a pilgrimage to Canterbury. While at the Tabard Inn, on the dark before the journey, Chaucer describes them, The Monk and the Prioress be two of the pilgrims travelling with Chaucer. Using irony, Chaser seems at prime(prenominal) to be compliment them. This is when his character he realises he is pointing out their fault and the criticising the church. The prioress was a nun buoy who travelled with Chaucer to Canterbury. While in the Inn Chaucer describes her, saying, That of hie smylyng was ful simple and coy. Chaucer too writes, hir gretteste ooth was by saint Loy. Nuns are meant to be holy, they ease up committed there lives to God, they are meant to follow the commandments given to Moses, not even to control a little bit is acceptable let alone to swear at all. Chaucer also writes, Fulwel she melodic phrase the survace divine, She was singing not to please God but to catch the eye of the other people in the church. Chaucer says that the prioress ate her meal with elegance, he said she had beautiful manners and that she was entertaining to watch, Mate wel y taught was she with alla, Amyable of port. Later on in the text Chaucer comments about her beauty on a number of occasions. Nuns have to take a vow of poverty and should not have any possessions. Clearly she possesses make-up and very well clothes. God should be the Centre of her life and she should only be doing things he wants her to do. Chaucer thinks that the priores s isnt acting and behaving as she should and that she should forget about the pilgrimage to Canterbury and start to learn once again about being a nun. The Monk was according to Chaucer a fine looking man, Fair for the mainstrve, This man was not just a monk but an outryere. In those days lots of irony was used and an outrider was a person who could go out of his monasteries to do work for the church. Chaucer also sats that this monk, lovede Venerye and Ful many a deyntee hors haddle he in stable. The monk had interpreted a vow of poverty just like the prioress, so this monk shouldent have any possessions. Chaucer also writes about his brydel which was Gynglen in a whistynge waynge wynd. This monk was also drawing attention to himself while he was meant to be out doing the work of the church he was treating this work like a holiday. This monk was fashionable and enjoyed scoop up quality food.A fat swan love he best of any roast. Swans were very expensive, so he must have eaten t his while he was out doing the work of the church. He was caring for his freedom, not commitment while he should have been caring for the poor not indulging himself. Although Chaucer wrote the Canterbury Tales about 600 geezerhood ago, it is still valid today. The nun and the Monk speak for themselves, they say that human nature doesnt change and that any(prenominal) people will always be greedy and selficha dns some people will be sensitive and kind, this was Chaucers job, to show them up in his writings.

Apoptosis - Short Essay Essay Example for Free

Apoptosis Short prove EssayKerr, Wyllie, and Currie first used the term caspase- arbitrate jail electric cellphone destruction in a paper in 1972 to draw off a geomorphologicly distinct form of mobile phone demise, although certain components of the programmed cell ending concept had been described long time previously. Our understanding of the mechanicss involved in the bidding of caspase-mediated cell death in mammalian cells transpired from the investigation of programmed cell remainder that descends during the suppuration of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (Horvitz, 1999). In this organism 1090 somatic cells ar generated in the formation of the adult worm, of which 131 of these cells suffer programmed cell death or programmed cell death. These 131 cells die at particular points during the development process, which is invariant between worms, demonstrating the truth and control in this system. Apoptosis has been recognized and accepted as an important mode of programmed cell death, which involves the genetically determined elimination of cells. However, on that point is other forms of programmed cell death consecrate been described and other forms of programmed cell death may yet be discoveredApoptosis occurs normally during development and aging and as a homeostatic mechanism to maintain cell populations in tissues. Apoptosis also occurs as a defense mechanism such as in immune re body processs or when disease or corrupting agents damage cells. Although in that respect be a wide variety of stimuli and conditions, both physiological and pathological, that base get off apoptosis, not all cells will necessarily die in response to the same stimulus. Irradiation or drugs used for cancer chemotherapy results in desoxyribonucleic acid damage in about cells, which can tierce to apoptotic death finished a p53-dependent pathway. Some hormones, may lead to apoptotic death in some cells although other cells argon unaffected or e ven stimulated.Some cells express Fas or tumor necrosis pointor receptors that can lead to apoptosis via ligand binding and protein cross-linking. Other cells have a default death pathway that must be block up by a survival factor such as a hormone or suppuration factor. There is also the issue of identifying apoptosis from necrosis, deuce processes that can occur independently, sequentially, as well as simultaneously (Zeiss, 2003). In some cases its the type of stimuli and/or the degree of stimuli that determines if cells die by apoptosis or necrosis. At low doses, a variety of injurious stimuli such as heat, radiation,hypoxia and cytotoxic anticancer drugs can induce apoptosis but these same stimuli can result in necrosis at higher doses. Finally, apoptosis is a coordinated and often competency-dependent process that involves the activation of a group of cysteine proteases called caspases and a complex cascade of events that link the initiating stimuli to the final demise o f the cell Loss of control of apoptosis may result in disease. Excessive apoptosis is implicated in AIDS and Alzheimers disease and insufficient apoptosis may lead to cancer.Morphology of ApoptosisLight and electron microscopy have identified the various morphological changes that occur during apoptosis. During the primordial process of apoptosis, cell shrinkage and pyknosis are visible by lite microscopy. With cell shrinkage, the cells are smaller in size, the cytoplasm is dense and the organelles are more than tightly packed. pycnosis is the result of chromatin condensation. On examination with hematoxylin and eosin stain, apoptosis involves single cells or small clusters of cells. The apoptotic cell appears as a round/oval mass. Plasma membrane blebbing occurs followed by karyorrhexis and separation of cell fragments into apoptotic bodies during a process called budding. Apoptotic bodies consist of cytoplasm with tightly packed organelles with or without a thermonuclear fra gment.The organelle unity is maintained and all of this is enclosed deep down an intact plasma membrane. These bodies are later(prenominal)ly phagocytosed by macrophages, or neoplastic cells and degraded within phagolysosomes. Macrophages that engulf and digest apoptotic cells are called tingible body macrophages and are found within the germinal centers of lymphoid follicles or within the thymic cortex. There is no inflammatory reaction with the process of apoptosis nor with the removal of apoptotic cells because (1) apoptotic cells do not spark their cellular constituents into the surrounding interstitial tissue (2) they are promptly phagocytosed by surrounding cells thus likely preventing southary necrosis and, (3) the engulfing cells do not take a crap anti-inflammatory drug cytokines.Distinguishing Apoptosis from NecrosisThe alternative to apoptotic cell death is necrosis, which is considered to be a toxic process where the cell is a passive victim and follows an energy independent mode of death. Oncosis is used to describe a process that leads to necrosis with karyolysis and cell swelling whereas apoptosis leads to cell death with cell shrinkage, pyknosis, and karyorrhexis.Although the mechanisms and morphologies of apoptosis and necrosis differ, there is overlap between these two processes. Necrosis and apoptosis represent morphologic expressions of a shared biochemical network described as the apoptosis-necrosis continuum .For example, two factors that will convert an ongoing apoptotic process into a necrotic process include a decrease in the availability of caspases and intracellular ATP Whether a cell dies by necrosis or apoptosis depends in part on the nature of the cell death signalize, the tissue type, the developmental stage of the tissue and the physiologic milieu (Zeiss, 2003).It is not always easy to distinguish apoptosis from necrosis, they can occur simultaneously depending on factors such as the intensity and duration of there stimu lus, the extent of ATP depletion and the availability of caspases (Zeiss, 2003). Necrosis is an uncontrolled and passive process that usually affects large handle of cells whereas apoptosis is controlled and energy-dependent and can affect individual or clusters of cells. Necrosis is caused by factors external to the cell or tissue, such as infection, toxins, or trauma that result un set digestion of cell componentsSome of the major morphological changes that occur with necrosis include cell swelling formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles distended endoplasmic reticulum formation of cytoplasmic blebs condensed, swollen or ruptured mitochondria disaggregation and detachment of ribosomes disrupted organelle membranes swollen and ruptured lysosomes and eventually disruption of the cell membrane. This acquittance of cell membrane results in the release of the cytoplasmic contents into the surrounding tissue, sending chemotatic signals with eventual enlisting of inflammatory cells. Because apoptotic cells do not release their cellular constituents into thesurrounding tissue and are quickly phagocytosed by macrophages or normal cells, there is essentially no inflammatory reaction. It is also important to note that pyknosis and karyorrhexis are not exclusive to apoptosis (Kurosaka et al., 2003).Mechanisms of ApoptosisThe mechanisms of apoptosis are highly complex involving an energy dependent cascade of molecular events. look indicates that there are two main apoptotic pathways the extrinsic or death receptor pathway and the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway. However, there is now evidence that the two pathways are linked and that molecules in one pathway can influence the other. There is an additional pathway that involves T-cell mediated cytotoxicity and perforin-granzyme dependent killing of the cell. The perforin/granzyme pathway can induce apoptosis via either granzyme B or granzyme A. The extrinsic, intrinsic, and granzyme B pathways converge on the same execut ion pathway. This pathway is initiated by the partitioning of caspase-3 and results in DNA fragmentation, degradation of cytoskeletal and nuclear proteins, crosslinking of proteins, formation of apoptotic bodies, expression of ligands for phagocytic cell receptors and finally uptake by phagocytic cells.Caspases have proteolytic activity and are able to cleave proteins at aspartic acid residues, although diverse caspases have different specificities involving recognition of neighboring amino acids. Once caspases are initially trigger off, there seems to be an irreversible lading towards cell death. To date, ten major caspases have been identified and broadly categorized into initiators (caspase-2,-8,-9,-10), effectors or executioners (caspase-3,-6,-7) and inflammatory caspases (caspase-1,-4,-5). Caspase-11, which is describe to regulate apoptosis and cytokine maturation during septic shock, caspase-14, which is highly expressed in embryonic tissues but not in adult tissues .Ext ensive protein cross-linking is another characteristic of apoptotic cells and is achieved through the expression and activation of tissue transglutaminase. other feature is the expression of cell surface markers that result in the early phagocytic recognition of apoptotic cells by adjacent cells, permittingquick phagocytosis with minimal compromise to the surrounding tissue. This is achieved by the movement of the normal inward-facing phosphatidylserine of the cells lipid bilayer to expression on the outer layers of the plasma membrane. Externalization of phosphatidylserine is a well-known recognition ligand for phagocytes on the surface of the apoptotic cell.PATHWAYSExtrinsic PathwayThe extrinsic signaling pathways that initiate apoptosis involve transmembrane receptor-mediated interactions. These involve death receptors that are members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor gene superfamily. Members of the TNF receptor family share like cyteine-rich extracellular empyrean s and have a cytoplasmic domain of about 80 amino acids called the death domain. This death domain plays a critical role in transmitting the death signal from the cell surface to the intracellular signaling pathways.The sequence of events that define the extrinsic phase of apoptosis are outmatch characterized with the FasL/FasR and TNF-/TNFR1 models. In these models, there is caboodle of receptors and binding with the homologous trimeric ligand.Upon ligand binding, cytoplasmic adapter proteins are recruited which exhibit equivalent death domains that bind with the receptors. The binding of Fas ligand to Fas receptor results in the binding of the adapter protein FADD and the binding of TNF ligand to TNF receptor results in the binding of the adapter protein TRADD with recruitment of FADD and RIP. FADD then associates with procaspase-8 via dimerization of the death effector domain.At this point, a death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) is formed, resulting in the auto-catalytic ac tivation of procaspase-8 . Once caspase-8 is activated, the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. Death receptor mediated apoptosis can be inhibited by a protein called c-FLIP which will bind to FADD and caspase-8, transformation them ineffective. Another point of potential apoptosis regulation involves a protein called Toso, which shows to block Fas-induced apoptosis in T cells via inhibition of caspase-8 processing .Intrinsic PathwayThe intrinsic signaling pathways that initiate apoptosis involve a diverse array of non-receptor-mediated stimuli that produceintracellular signals that act directly on targets within the cell and are mitochondrial-initiated events. The stimuli that initiate the intrinsic pathway produce intracellular signals that may act in either a positive or negative fashion. Negative signals involve the absence of certain growth factors, hormones and cytokines that can lead to failure of suppression of death programs, thereby triggering apoptosis. In other w ords, there is the withdrawal of factors, loss of apoptotic suppression, and subsequent activation of apoptosis.Other stimuli that act in a positive fashion include, but are not limited to, radiation, toxins, hypoxia, hyperthermia, viral infections, and free radicals. All of these stimuli cause changes in the inner mitochondrial membrane that results in an inauguration of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and release of two main groups of normally cloistral pro-apoptotic proteins from the intermembrane quadrangle into the cytosol. The first group consists of cytochrome c, Smac/DIABLO, and the serine protease HtrA2/Omi. These proteins activate the caspase dependent mitochondrial pathway. Cytochrome c binds and activates Apaf-1 as well as procaspase-9, forming an apoptosomeThe clustering of procaspase-9 leads to caspase-9 activation. Smac/DIABLO and HtrA2/Omi are reported to promote apoptosis by inhibiting IAP activity. Additional mitochondrial proteins interact with and suppress the action of IAPThe second group of pro-apoptotic proteins, AIF, endonuclease G and CAD, are released from the mitochondria during apoptosis, but this is a late event that occurs after the cell has affiliated to die. AIF translocate to the nucleus and causes DNA fragmentation and condensation of peripheral nuclear chromatin. This early form of nuclear condensation is referred to as stage I condensation. Endonuclease G also translocates to the nucleus where it cleaves nuclear chromatin to produce oligonucleosomal DNA fragments.AIF and endonuclease G both function in a caspase-independent manner. CAD is released from the mitochondria and translocates to the nucleus where, after partitioning by caspase-3, it leads to oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation and a more pronounced and advanced chromatin condensation. This later and morepronounced chromatin condensation is referred to as stage IIcondensationThe control and regulat ion of these apoptotic mitochondrial events occurs through members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins .The tumor suppressor protein p53 has a critical role in regulation of the Bcl-2 family of proteins.The Bcl-2 family of proteins governs mitochondrial membrane permeability and can be either pro-apoptotic or antiapoptotic. 25 genes have been identified in the Bcl-2 family. Some of the anti-apoptotic proteins include Bcl-2, Bcl-x, Bcl-XL, Bcl-XS and some of the pro-apoptotic proteins include Bcl-10, Bax, disconsolate, Bim, and Blk. These proteins can determine if the cell commits to apoptosis or aborts the process. It is thought that the main mechanism of action of the Bcl-2 family of proteins is the regulation of cytochrome c release from the mitochondria.Mitochondrial damage in the Fas pathway of apoptosis is mediated by the caspase-8 cleavage of Bid. This is one example of the cross-talk between the death-receptor (extrinsic) pathway and the mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway. Serine phosphorylation of Bad is associated with 14-3-3, a member of a family of multifunctional phosphoserine binding molecules. When Bad is phosphorylated, it is trapped by 14-3-3 and sequestered in the cytosol but once Bad is unphosphorylated, it will translocate to the mitochondria to release cytochrome C.Bad can also heterodimerize with Bcl-Xl or Bcl-2, neutralizing their protective effect and promoting cell death When not sequestered by Bad, both Bcl-2 and BclXl inhibit the release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria. Reports indicate that Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL inhibit apoptotic death primarily by controlling the activation of caspase proteases. An additional protein designated Aven appears to bind both Bcl-Xl and Apaf-1, thereby preventing activation of procaspase-9.jaguar and Noxa are two members of the Bcl2 family that are also involved in pro-apoptosis. Puma plays an important role in p53-mediated apoptosis. It was shown that, in vitro, overexpression of Puma is accompanied by incr eased BAX expression, BAX conformational change, translocation to themitochondria, cytochrome c release and reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential. Noxa is also a mediator of p53-induced apoptosis. Studies show that this protein can localize to the mitochondria and interact with anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, resulting in the activation of caspase-9.Caspase-3 is the most important of the executioner caspases and is activated by any of the initiator caspases (caspase-8, caspase-9, or caspase-10). Caspase-3 specifically activates the endonuclease CAD. In proliferating cells CAD is complexed with its inhibitor, ICAD. In apoptotic cells, activated caspase-3 cleaves ICAD to release CAD. CAD then degrades chromosomal DNA within the nuclei and causes chromatin condensation. Caspase-3 also induces cytoskeletal reorganization and decline of the cell into apoptotic bodies. Gelsolin, an actin binding protein, has been identified as one of the key substrates of activated caspa se-3. Caspase-3 will cleave gelsolin and the cleaved fragments of gelsolin, in turn, cleave actin filaments in a calcium independent manner. This results in disruption of the cytoskeleton, intracellular transport, cell division, and signal transduction.Phagocytic uptake of apoptotic cells is the last component of apoptosis. Phospholipid asymmetry and externalization of phosphatidylserine on the surface of apoptotic cells and their fragments is the hallmark of this phase. The mechanism of phosphatidylserine translocation to the outer leaflet of the cell during apoptosis has been associated with loss of aminophospholipid translocase activity and nonspecific flip-flop of phospholipids of various classes. Research indicates that Fas, caspase-8, and caspase-3 are involved in the regulation of phosphatidylserine externalization on oxidatively stressed erythrocytes however caspase-independent phosphatidylserine exposure occurs during apoptosis of primary T lymphocytes.The appearance of pho sphotidylserine on the outer leaflet of apoptotic cells then facilitates noninflammatory phagocytic recognition, allowing for their early uptake and disposal.This process of early and efficient uptake with norelease of cellular constituents, results in no inflammatory response. (Fadok et al., 2001).The process for apoptosis, is generally characterized by distinct morphological characteristics and energy-dependent biochemical mechanisms. Apoptosis is considered a live component of various processes including normal cell turnover, proper development and functioning of the immune system, hormone-dependent atrophy, embryonic development and chemical-induced cell death. Inappropriate apoptosis (either too little or too much) is a factor in many human conditions including neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic damage, autoimmune disorders and many types of cancer. Excessive apoptosis results in diseases such as Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease.Cancer is an example where the normal me chanisms of cell circle regulation are dysfunctional, with either an over proliferation of cells and/or decreased removal of cells. Tumor cells can acquire resistance to apoptosis by the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2 or by the down-regulation or mutation of pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bax. The expression of both Bcl-2 and Bax is regulated by the p53 tumor suppressor gene Alterations of various cell signaling pathways can result in dysregulation of apoptosis and lead to cancer.The p53 tumor suppressor gene is a transcription factor that regulates the cell cycle and is the most widely mutated gene in human tumorigenesis. The critical role of p53 is evident by the fact that it is mutated in over 50% of all human cancers. p53 can activate DNA repair proteins when DNA has sustained damage, can hold the cell cycle at the G1/S regulation point on DNA damage recognition, and can initiate apoptosis if the DNA damage proves to be irreparable. Tumorigenesis can occur if this system goes awry. If the p53 gene is modify, then tumor suppression is severely reduced. The p53 gene can be damaged by radiation, various chemicals, and viruses.

Are Turkish Dramas Evading Our Culture Essay Example for Free

Are Turkish Dramas Evading Our Culture EssayThe foreign dramas are attacking our refining and these are not according to our culture After a contentious time of the Indian dramas, now numerous Turkish plays are plentiful rise to curious hype not only in our television drama industry merely also in the minds of the general public. As a matter of fact, it is true that our local drama output is invoking the interests of thousands and millions of viewers and most of these spectators are finding these plays appealing enough to follow. However, in late times it has been detect that some foreign television content is trying to induce a substantial place in our country. Unfortunately, somehow a Turkish serial ISHQ-E-Mamnoon was aired out and after a few weeks it finish up by getting exultant high ratings. After the broadcast of this particular play, a laundry is started among the different TV channels to get foreign content and present to the public, in order to gather in high ra tings.When broadcasters and people are basking this dubbed so called change, they forgot to think all this activity is turning out to be a veridical threat to the local industry as well as the integrity and culture of our nation. There is also a small group of people who is trying to back up these serials, simply I think these people might disremember what Indian dramas have done with our acculturation in the recent past. Because of these plays, our adolescents (especially girls) have started out to follow their language.In fact, several voice communication were became the part of their vocabulary and they used these words into their normal discussions. After ascertaining the severity of this issue our civil society and television industry have taken some measures and banned all the Indian channels. But now we have to cope with another curse which is a lot more dangerous than the previous one. We need to observe what sort of message these Turkish dramas are trying to convey? Are the stories of these plays fair enough to watch with our parents, brothers and sisters?Of course not and that is the chief(prenominal) reason why it is considered as infectious to our culture and nation by our producers, writers, actors, directors and now public as well. These Turkish serials are full of bold scenes, which is totally against our moral values and they are just get the cause of raising the level of grossness and vulgarity. All in all, our medication and film industry is uncomplete cohesive nor strong. This is only the television industry that is producing high caliber dramas and bringing out the talent nd acting of impeccable quality and it should not have to endure the same issues as our film and music industry are confronting.Apart from our cultural and moral values, these Turkish serials are also threatening the future of thousands of actors, directors, cameramen, writers, producers, spot boys and other individuals who are directly or indirectly associated wi th our local drama industry. Although, a bang-up and positive aspect is that our actors are united and they are unitedly saying the Turkish or any(prenominal) other foreign content should not hijack the viewership of our local dramas.If we take a close await at the history of subcontinent then it is not very hard to find the same interference of the prevalent East India Company that eventually became the main reason of Subcontinents separation. However, right now things are quite under control and still it is too long to anticipate any resemblance with this specific issue. Although our disposal must have to take impertinent and smart actions in order to avoid the drastic cause on our culture as well as on economy which is depending on our drama and entertainment industry.

Post Partum Haemorrhage (PPH) Essay Example for Free

Post Partum Haemorrhage (PPH) EssayIntroductionPost partum haemorrhage (PPH) is an obstetrical emergency that fuel follow vaginal or cesarean sales talk. It is a major cause of maternal morbidity and iodin of the top three causes of maternal mortality in both high and low per capital income countries, although the absolute lay on the line of death in much lower in high income countries (1 in 100,000 versus 1 in 1000 births in low income countries). Furthermore, hemorrhage is the leading cause of admission of the intensive care social unit and the most preventable cause of maternal mortality. The average extraction injury following vaginal delivery, caesarean section delivery and caesarean hysterectomy is 500 ml, 1000ml and 1500 ml respectively.Depending upon the amount of bank line loss, transport partum hemorrhage (PPH) drive out be- pip-squeak (1L) Severe (10g/dl) so that the patient can withstand some amount of the cable loss. High risk patients who are likely to develop short letter partum hemorrhage ( such as twins, hydramnios, grand multipara, APH, history of previous PPH, horrific anemia) are to be screened delivered in a well equipped hospital. Blood groping should be angiotensin converting enzyme for all women so that no time is wasted during emergency. Placental localization must be through in all women with previous caesarean delivery by USG or MRI to detect placenta accreta or percreta. Women with morbid adherent placenta are at high risk of PPH. Such a case should be delivered by a senior obstetrician. A availability of blood or blood products must be ensured before relegate.Intranatal Active management of the third stage, for all women in repulse should be a turn of events as it reduces PPH by 60%. Women delivered by caesarean section, oxytocin 5 IU slow IV is to be given to reduce blood loss. Exploration of the utero-vaginal channel for evidence of trauma following difficult labour or instrumental delivery. Obs ervation for closely 2 hours often delivery to make sure that the womb is hard and well contracted before sending her to ward. During caesarean section spontaneous separation delivery of the placenta reduces blood loss (30%). guidance of retained placentaThis diagnosis is reached when the placenta remains undelivered after a specified decimal point of time (usually half to 1 hour following the babys birth). This is done to apply force to the placental site. The whole hand is introduced into the vagina in cone shaped fashion after separating the labia with the fingers of the some other hand. the vaginal hand is clenched into a fist with the back of the hand directed posteriorly and the knuckles in the front tooth fornix. The other hand is determined over the abdomen behind the womb to make it anteverted. The uterus is severely squeezed between the two hands. It may be necessary to continue the compression for a prolonged plosive speech sound until the (during the period, the resuscitative measures are to be continued).Manual removal of the placentaThe operation is done under general anaesthesia. The patient is placed in lithotomy fix with all aseptic measures, the bladder is catheterized. One hand is introduced into the uterus after smearing with the uninfected solution in cone shaped manner following the cord, which is made taut by the other hand. While introducing the hand, the labia are separated by the fingers of the other hand. The fingers of the uterine should locate the margin of the placenta. Counter oblige on the uterine fundus is applied by the other hand placed over the abdomen.The abdominal hand should steady the fundus guide the movements of the fingers inside the uterine cavity till the placenta is all separated. As soon as the placental margin is reached, the fingers are insinuated between the placenta the uterine wall with the back of the hand in wrap up with the uterine wall. The placenta is gradually separated with a side wa ys slicing movement of the fingers, until whole of the placenta is separated. When the placenta is completely separated, it is extracted by traction of the cord by the other hand. The uterine hand is still inside the uterus for exploration of the cavity to be sure that nothing is left behind.i) Management of third stage haemorrhageIn this third stage of bleeding or hemorrhage, the bleeding draws before expulsion of placenta.Principles To empty the uterus. To counterchange the blood. To ensure effective haemostasis.Steps of managementa) Placental site bleeding To palpate the fundus and manage the uterus to make it hard. To start crystalloid with oxytocin at 60 drops /min and to arrange for blood transfusion if necessary. oxytocin 10 units IM or methargin 0.2 mg. is given intravenously. To catheterize the bladder. To give antibiotics (ampicillin 2gm.and Metronidazole 500mg. IV).b) Traumatic bleedingThe utero vaginal canal is to be explored under general anaesthesia after the pl acenta is expelled.ii) Management of true post partum hemorrhageIn this true post partum hemorrhage the bleeding occurs subsequent to expulsion of placenta (majority).Management Call for extra helper involve the obstetric senior staff on call. Keep patient flat and warm. Send blood for diagnostic test. Infuse rapidly 2 litres of normal saline. Give oxygen by mask 10-15L/min. reminder the pulse, blood pressure, urine output, drug type, dose and time.B. Secondary Post partum hemorrhageDefinitionSecondary post partum hemorrhage is bleeding from the genital tract more than 24 hours after delivery of the placenta and may occur upto 6 week later. The bleeding usually occurs between 8th to 14th day of delivery.CausesThe causes of late post partum hemorrhage are-1. Retained bits of cotyledon or membranes (commonest) 2. Infection and separation of slough over a chummy cervico-vaginal laceration. 3. Endometritis and sub involution of the placental site- due to delayed healing process. 4. Secondary hemorrhage from caesarean section wound usually occur between 10-14 days. 5. Withdrawal bleeding following oestrogen therapy for curtailment of lactation.Clinical Manifestation1. The lochia are heavier than normal recurrence of bright red flow.2. Offensive lochia if infection is a contributory factor.3. Sub involution of uterus.4. Pyrexia tachycardia.DiagnosisThe bleeding is bright red and varying amount. seldom it may be brisk. Varying degree of anemia evidences of sepsis are present. Internal examination reveals evidences of sepsis, sub involution of the uterus often patulous cervical OS.Ultrasonography is usual in detecting the bits of placenta inside the uterine cavity.ManagementPrinciple To assess the amount of blood loss to replace it (transfusion) To find out the cause to support appropriate steps to rectify it.Managementi) Massage the uterus if it is still palpable to bring about a contraction.ii) Express any clots.iii) Encourage the mother to empty her bl adder.iv) Give an oxytocic drug such as ergometrine by intravenous or intramuscular route.v) Save all pads lines to assess the volume of blood loss.vi) If retained products of conception are not seen on an ultrasound scan, the mother may be set conservatively with antibiotic therapy and oral ergometrine. vii) Anemia is treated with iron supplement in severe cases, blood is transfused.Nursing management of PPH ratement1. Assess maternal history for risk factors, plan accordingly and promulgate to the perinatal area. 2. Assess pulse pressure, recording consistently less than 30bpm are consistent with hypertensive crisis. 3. Assess in express output chart. 4. Assess location firmness of uterine fundus. 5. Palpate the bladder distension, which may intermeddle with contracting of the uterus. 6. Inspect for intactness of any parineal area.Diagnosisi) Deficit fluid volume related to blood loss as manifested by looking pale, dehydrated decrease pulse rate. ii) Acute pain related to perineal discomfort from birth trauma and physiologic changes from births as monitored by wrinkled in forehead, restlessness irritability. iii) imbalance nutrition less than body requirement related to restriction in food intake as manifested by fatigue, weakness and lethargic. iv) Sleeping pattern disturbance related to pain bleeding as manifested by drowsiness, lethargic, irritated, etc. v) Risk for infection related to birth process maintaining poor hygiene as manifested by patients verbal complain, irritable discomfort.Goali) Monitoring for hypotension bleeding.ii) Minimize the pain.iii) meliorate nutritional billet.iv) Improve sleep pattern.v) Reduce the risk for infection.Intervention For 1st diagnosisi) Monitor vital signs every 4 hours during the first 24 hours. ii) Assess vaginal discharge for clots and amount. iii) Maintained IV line as enjoin by the doctor. For 2nd diagnosisi) Assess pain take, location, duration and type also. ii) Provide comfortable position ( i.e. supine position) iii) Administered medicine as prescri strike out by the doctor. For 3rd diagnosisi) Assess the nutritional status of the patient. ii) Patient is advised to take liquid diet from 3rd day solid from 4th day. iii) system of weights in monitored daily. For 4th diagnosisi) Sleep pattern is assessed.ii) Provide a neat and tidy bed to the patient.iii) Unnecessary procedures avoided during sleeping period.iv) Patient is advised to discourage day time sleeping. For 5th diagnosisi) Assessed the level of infection, burning sensation and frequency of urination. ii) Washing hands wearing gloves can reduce the risk for infection before doing any procedure. iii) Advised the patient to maintain the personal hygiene and also should teach how to take care of perineal area.Evaluationi) Bleeding is reduced than before.ii) Patients pain level might be minimized.iii) nutritional status of the patient is improved.iv) Patients sleep pattern is improved.v) Infection is controlled.Co nclusionPost Partum hemorrhage continued to be a leading cause of maternal morbidity mortality. In this patient despite identification and try at correction of an identified clotting disorder, major obstetric hemorrhage was not avoided.However, these factors may be unavoidable and early surgical intervention as per local protocol is recommended to minimize maternal morbidity. afterwards studying presenting the seminar on the topic of PPH, I got a thorough idea about this disease and I am thankful to maam for giving me opportunity of presenting this topic. I think I can be able to import some amount of knowledge to the group I will be able to provide proper care to such patient if I got in future.Bibliography1. C.D. Dutta text have of obstetrics 7th edition, new central book agency, page no- 410-418 2. Annamma Jacob A comprehensive textbook of obstetrics Gynecological Nursing, 3rd edition, Joypee brothers medical publishers (p) Ltd. 3. Myhes Tex book for midwives, edited by V. Rith Bennett Linda K. Brown, 12th edition. Page No- 462-4704. Dr. Parulekar Shashank V., text edition book for midwives, 2nd edition, voramidical publication. Page No- 351-356.5. B. Basavanthappa T. Essentials of midwifery obstetrical Nursing, 1st edition, Jaypee Brothers medical publishers. Page No- 544-555.6. w.w.w.urmc.rochester.eduURMCHealth cyclopaedia w.w.w.birth.com.auLabour Birth. w.w.w.rcog.org.ukHomewomenshealth idelinessearch for a guideline. Bmb.oxford journals.org/..205full. w.w.w.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov journal listcases J/V.J2008

The United States Educational System-Based on Age Essay Example for Free

The join States raisingal System-Based on Age EssayThe coupled States give instructioningal system based on advance is adapted to fall in Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organizations (UNESCO) Inter interior(a) Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) levels. In order to define the levels of schooling uniformly across all countries, this publication used terms to stash away worldwide comparable statistics on reading. The organization diametricaliated seven levels of study ranging from preprimary to third.International descriptions of preprimary, primary, and tertiary education be parallel to the classification used in the United States. On the other hand, unhorse and focal ratio vicarious education has slightly dissimilar meanings. Level zero is called as preprimary education or usually known as early childhood education. It usually included education for children climb ond 3-5, although in virtually countries, it starts as early as age 2 and in other continues through age 6. In the United States, preprimary education includes kindergarten (Matheson, Salganik, Phelps Perie, 19). Primary education (level 1) runs from about ages 6-11, or about first through ordinal grades in the United States. Specialization rarely occurs in any countries before secondary coil education. Secondary education covers ages 11 or 12 through 18 or 19 and is divided into two levels lower and upper secondary (levels 2 and 3). For purposes of statistical comparability, the United States has defined lower secondary education as grades 7 through 9 and upper secondary as grades 10 through 12.In the United States, lower secondary education break offs with an examination and constitutes the completion of compulsory education (Matheson, Salganik, Phelps Perie, 19). Upper secondary education immediately follows lower secondary education and includes general or academic, technical, and vocational education, or any faction thereof, depending on the country. An upper secondary attainment level is roughly equivalent to a U. S. high school diploma. The United States Educational System-Based on Age Page 2Higher education, also referred to as tertiary education, includes three ISCED levels and is equivalent of postsecondary education in the United States. Non-university higher education includes education beyond the secondary school level involving programs that terminate in less than a 4-year degree (Matheson, Salganik, Phelps Perie, 19). This type of education is at ISCED level 5. ISCED level 6 comprises education programs that lead to a 4-year undergraduate degree. These programs are typically fixed in universities and other 4-year institutions.The highest level, ISCED level 7, includes graduate and professional degree programs. Compulsory education ends at different ages across other countries. In the United States, Canada, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, mandatory schooling ends at age 16, the end point is age 14 i n Italy and 15 in Japan. In Germany, full-time compulsory education ends at age 16, although students are required to be enrolled at least part-time through age 18 (Matheson, Salganik, Phelps Perie, 14). After compulsory education, enrollment rates drop off.In the United States, enrollment in secondary education dropped from 72 percent for 17-year-olds to 21 percent for 18-year-olds. In the United States, the first hazard for students to receive secondary certification is upon completing high school, usually at age 17 or 18. In United Kingdom, students take the examination for the general certificate of secondary education when they are 16. offspring who do not continue to upper secondary schooling and are unemployed are legal for training programs supported by the government but outside the education system.In Germany, the majority of secondary school students who continue after age 16 and are not preparing for university education participate in vocational training at the uppe r secondary level, including the countrys dual system of pert-time schooling and part-time apprenticeship. The United States Educational System-Based on Age Page 3 Participation in higher education in the United States and Canada was among the highest in the world in 1992. However, this doest not mean that young adults the age of U. S.college students are more likely to be enrolled in education programs in the United States than in other countries (Matheson, Salganik, Phelps Perie, 15). The disadvantage of ISCED levels are planned mainly for (educational) statistical reasons and for validating quantitative productivity. ISCED would have restricted use for the purpose of comparability, recognition, mobility and European cooperation in VET. No sector specific and job specific definitions or typology of skills are available (Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, 223-240). ISCED 1997 is in most contemporary and western countries a useful system to categorize school leaving certificates. In countries wit h complicated educational systems, like Germany, the ISCED 1997 categories cover hardly the community situation. Another disadvantage of ISCED 1997 is the risk misclassification, how national diplomas are sorted into the ISCED 1997 codes. Asking the respondent about the ISCED codes increases the interview burden for the respondent (OECD). Education is associated to numerous aspects of social disadvantage all through an individuals life span. This includes their time in pre-primary education, in the compulsory schooling system during their childhood years, as young adults in post-compulsory education and during the years of adulthood (Machin, 10). Social disadvantage also matters for the phase of post-compulsory education, where it is evident that educational inequalities conjugate to family background tend to go and become larger (Feinstein, 213-229).The possibility of staying on after the compulsory school-leaving age is connected to family setting and social drawback in many countries. Since involvement in higher education improves life likelihood and triumph as an adult, this The United States Educational System-Based on Age Page 4 compounds the previously wide disparity linked to social disadvantage that arise in the childhood years (Machin, 11).Reference Feinstein, Lee. Mobility in Pupils Cognitive advance during School Life. Oxford Review of Economic Policy 20 (2004) 213-229. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, Jurgen.How to Measure Education in Cross-National Comparison Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik/Warner-Matrix of Education as a New Instrument. Mannheim ZUMA 11 (2005) 223-240. Machin, Stephen. Social disadvantage and education experiences OECD, genus Paris, OECD social, employment and migration working papers, Paris OECD Publications, 2006. Matheson, Nancy, Salganik, Laura, Phelps, Richard, Perie, Marriane. Education Indicators An International Perspective, Pennsylvania DIANE Publishing, 1997. OECD. Education at a Glance, OECD Indicators 2004, Paris OECD Publications , 2004.

Pentecostal History Essay Example for Free

Pentecostal History EssayThe largest and the most important religious movement to get down from the United States is the Pentecostal Movement. It is considered as the fourth force in Christendom alongside Catholicism, Protestantism, and Orthodox, and its exponential growth outrank in terms of adherents is testimony to its appeal. The Charismatic Re advancedal Movement has virtually of its roots in diachronic Pentecostalism, and it is now deeply entrenched in most of the mainline Protestant denominations, in Catholicism, and in some Orthodox.In the 21st Century, the total adherents of Pentecostals and Charismatics probably exceed the combined numbers of Protestants and Orthodox. Pentecostal statistics show a total adherent base of 400 million in 1993,including the cc million members designated as nominational Pentecostals and 200 million Charismatics in the main Protestant denominations and Catholicism. When the day of Pentecost had come, they were all together in one place. And dead a sound came from heaven like the rush of a mighty wind, and it filled all the kinsperson where they were sitting.And there appeared to them tongues as of erect, distributed and resting on each one of them(Garnett 1987) The Acts of the Apostles, 21-3 (Cox 1995) Background History Adherents of Pentecostalism take their scream from an incident recounted in Chapter two of the Acts of the Apostles. The story describes how the confused followers of a recently crucified Rabbi whom they all believed to be the messiah of the world, had poised to mark the fiftieth day after Pass everyplace.Suddenly there was a heavenly sound like the rush of a mighty wind. The devoted spirit filled them, tongues as of call forth crowned their heads, and surprisingly they could down the stairsstand each others language although the gathering comprised people from numerous different countries and different linguistic affinities. Apparently, the ancient curse of Babel had been reversed and that God was creating a new inclusive human community in which Parthians and Medes and Elamites and residents of Mesopotamia could all live together.Origins of the Pentecostal Faith The first Pentecost appeared on the paroxysm in 1901 in Topeka, Kansas in a Bible school conducted by Charles Fox Parham, a pietism teacher and former Methodist pastor. There exists considerable controversy about the origins and timings of Parhams emphasis on glossolalia there is general agreement amongst historians that the movement was initiated in the first old age of 1901, in the beginning of the ordinal Century.One of Parhams Bible School students Agnes Ozman , was the first person to be baptized in the Holy Spirit and she thereafter began speaking in different tongues on the very first day of the new vitamin C on January 1, 1901. According to J. Roswell Flower, the founding Secretary of the Assemblies of God, Ozmans experience was the touch felt round the world, an event which make the Penteco stal Movement of the Twentieth Century.Due to the Topeka Pentecost, Parham postulated the doctrine that tongues (glossolalia) was the biblical evidence of the baptism in the Holy Spirit and that it a was a supernatural ability endowed for the purpose of world evangelization. Glossolalia is an experiential phenomenon of an ecstatic, altered state of consciousness, in which orgiastic techniques are cultivated to achieve ecstasy in the belief that comical psychological and physical states are synonymous with Spirit-possession. He added that since missionaries had the ability to speak in any language, they withdraw not learn any new language for the purpose of evangelical preaching.Armed with this new theology, Parham founded a church movement which he called the Apostolic Faith and began a whirlwind revival tour of the American shopping center West to promote his exciting new experience. saw an angel coming down from heaven With the bring up to the abyss and a great Chain in his h and. He seized the dragon and chained him up for a thousand years So that he might not seduce the nations until the thousand years were over. Revelation 201-3 Fed by broken packing cases and discarded wrapping paper the recruit quickly cattle farm from the boarded-up Casino to the empty Music Hall.From there sparks flew through the arctic night to the roofs of the expo(Cox 1995). Prophecy of the Pentecost Traditionally, Americans have always had a strong dose of millenium drilled in to them, covering the sentence the puritans landed in New England to the revival preachers who traveled the Midwest on horseback, they were continually being told that the support stages of history was unfolding and that America would play a major role in the grand finale. dismissal in to the 20th century, prophecies and speculations regarding a new Pentecost and a New Jerusalem were rife.And in the last days it shall be, God declares, That I will pour out my Spirit upon all flesh Acts of the Apos tles 217-19 The fire from heaven descended on April 9, 1906, on a small band of black domestic servants and custodial employees gathered for prayer in a wooden bungalow at 214 North Bonnie Brae Avenue in Los Angeles, California. (Cox 1995) Pastor at Azusa route Seymour who had learned the tongues-attested baptism in a Bible school that Parham conducted in Houston, Texas in 1905 was invited to pastor a black holiness church in Los Angeles in 1906.Seymour opened the diachronic meeting in April, 1906 in a former African Methodist Episcopal (AME) church edifice at 312 Azusa Street in downtown Los Angeles. The happenings at Azusa have fascinated church historians for decades and have never been fully understood or explained (Wackman 1994). For trey years thereafter, the Azusa Street Apostolic Faith Mission conducted three services a day, seven days a week, where thousands of seekers received the tongues baptism. Word of the revival was spread abroad through The Apostolic Faith, a pa per that Seymour sent free of charge to some 50,000 subscribers.From Azusa Street Pentecostalism spread rapidly around the world and began its advance toward becoming a major force in Christendom. The Azusa Street movement seems to have been a merger of white American holiness religion with worship styles derived from the black Christian tradition which had developed since the days of chattel slavery in the South. The expressive worship and assess at Azusa Street, which included shouting and dancing, had been common among Appalachian whites as well as Southern blacks.The adulteration of tongues and other charisms with black music and worship styles created a new and indigenous form of Pentecostalism that was to prove super attractive to disinherited and deprived people, both in America and other nations of the world(MacRoberts 1988). Pentecost has come to Los Angeles, the American Jerusalem. all sect, creed and doctrine under heaven as well as every nation is represented. (Fran k Bartleman,1906). The disguise racial Aspect The interracial mingling at the congregations was a stark contrast to the existing racial tensions and segregations of the times.The interracial aspects of the movement in Los Angeles were a striking exception to the racism and segregation of the times. The phenomenon of blacks and whites worshipping together under a black pastor seemed incredible to many observers. The event similarly cemented William Seymours place as not still the most influential black leader in American History, but also as a co-founder of world Pentecostalism(Deyoung et al 2003). This is the work of God, and cannot be stopped. While our enemies scold, we pray and the fire burn down Household of God, Nov. 1907Spread of Pentecostal The Azusa Street movement in 1906, led by the African-American preacher William Joseph Seymour provided the much needed impetus for the spread of the Pentecostal faith, which until then had not really captured popular imagination. The first wave of Azusa pilgrims journeyed throughout the United States spreading the Pentecostal fire, primarily in holiness churches, missions, and camp meetings. In America Gaston Barnabas Cashwell of North Carolina, who spoke in tongues in 1906 was one of the Azusa Pilgrims, whose six-month preaching tour of the South in 1907 resulted in major inroads among southern holiness folk.Under his ministry, Cashwell saw several holiness denominations swept into the new movement, including the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee), the Pentecostal Holiness Church, the Fire-Baptized Holiness Church, and the Pentecostal Free-Will Baptist Church. Also in 1906, Charles Harrison Mason ,upon his pass by to Memphis from Azusa Street, spread the Pentecostal fire in the Church of God in Christ. The Church he founded comprised African-Americans only one generation removed from slavery. (The parents of both Seymour and Mason had been born as southern slaves).Although tongues caused a burst in the chur ch in 1907, the Church of God in Christ experienced such detonative growth that by 1993, it was by far the largest Pentecostal denomination in North America, claiming some 5,500,000 members in 15,300 local churches. Another Azusa pilgrim was William H. Durham of Chicago. After receiving his tongues experience at Azusa Street in 1907, he returned to Chicago, where he led thousands of mid-western Americans and Canadians into the Pentecostal movement.In 1914, he established the Assemblies of God, which by 1993 had over 2,000,000 members in the U.S. and some 25,000,000 adherents in 150 nations of the world. Conclusion The Pentecostal Movement has proved to be a major force in Christendom throughout the world with unprecedented exponential growth of adherents. By the Nineties, The Pentecostals and their charismatic brothers and sisters in the mainline Protestant and Catholic churches had turned their energy and resources to world evangelization. The future will reveal the ultimate resul ts of this movement which has greatly impacted the world during the Twentieth Century.